Dyslexia- Literature Review - 2463 Words

Chapter 3: Literature Review Supporting The Child One of my primary focuses was to find out how different literatures dealt with Dyslexia and how best to support the child. Dyslexia can be described from a number of different perspectives as we see in Ball et al (2007) who explain that it can be â€Å"how one learns (Cognition), what parts of the brain are involved (neurology), what genes are involved (genetics) and behaviour (p14). Their book entitled ‘Dyslexia: An Irish perspective’ is very relevant to my research as it gives a great insight into the history of the special education sector in Ireland. It also looks into some of the key debates that are facing the educational sector today. Perhaps most importantly this book dedicates a full†¦show more content†¦Since all Dyslexic children differ from each other and learn differently it is crucial that parents and teachers incorporate all of their senses into the learning process as their visual or auditory processing may be impaired. Lawrence states that a child may pass a hearing or vision test quite easily, yet they may not be able to process this information into their memory. This shows how simple exercises can have a long lasting positive effect on the child in these early school years. Reinforcement is a key practise when dealing with children who suffer with dyslexia and in Townend and Turner (2000) they explain that â€Å"children with Dyslexia need many opportunities to practise the skills they have learned and to preserve them in long-term memory and Practise work must be presented in a variety of ways to maintain interest† (p19). Note taking can be difficult for Dyslexic children so a slow pace should be taken or better still to arrange for notes to be photocopied. Tasks also need to be concentrated on things like worksheets and not just the blackboard where students may become inattentive or inactive. When arranging work assignments it is also a good idea to care to have clear presentation, with large text, bold heading and as many visual aids as possible. Herold(2003) describes ways in which teachers can adapt their teaching methods in order toShow MoreRelatedChildren With Dyslexia And Strategies For Teaching Them Literacy879 Words   |  4 Pages Children with Dyslexia and Strategies for Teaching Them Literacy (Draft) Jennifer A. Eyink George Mason University â€Æ' Abstract This paper explores three peer-reviewed articles that involve treating children with reading disabilities. Two of these articles derive their data from empirical studies. One article is purely research based, and offers many simple strategies for treating a dyslexic child in the music classroom. All reading disabilities described in these articles, such as specificRead MoreAn Evaluation Of Elementary School1495 Words   |  6 Pagesand various subscriptions. The library staff is submitting a $2,000 grant proposal to the International Dyslexia Association. These funds will be used to curate a collection of materials that will educate and assist the dyslexic students, their families, and their teachers. The purpose of the collection is to inform library users and the community about the symptoms and challenges of dyslexia, learning and coping strategies, and creative teaching techniques. More importantly, the collection willRead MoreReading On Reading Disabilities And Dyslexia2195 Words   |  9 Pagesstruggle with reading disabilities in general, including dyslexia may not have the easiest time overcoming it. Not being able to read may lead to other issues with spelling, grammar, and general comprehension of material. This literature review will be covering many previous done studies that focus on reading disabilities and dyslexia. Through examining this literature it should give some answer to my overall thesis, which is how is dyslexia connected to reading disabilities and what can be done toRead MorePresentation And Discussion Of Data Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussion of â€Å"Data† Dyslexia is more prevalent in society than this author even knew prior to conducting this research. According to Austin Learning Solutions, 1 in 10 Americans are dyslexic in some capacity. Public opinion about dyslexia has perhaps kept many from seeking help, as 80% of Americans associate dyslexia with some form of retardation. (Austin, 2015) However negatively our society might look at dyslexics, no particular community is less vulnerable to dyslexia than any other. LearningRead MoreMorphological Use as an Indicator of Reading Disability Essays1493 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Children with reading disabilities differ from children that read typically in their use of morphological forms. This view has been supported by multiple studies that review the relationship between reading and morphology (Carlisle, J., Stone, C. 2005; Nagy, W., Berninger, V., Abbott, R. 2006; Reed, D. 2008; Kuo, L. Anderson, R. 2006). Morphology has been linked to reading ability, as has phonology, for many years. Traditionally reading ability, or disability, is detected byRead MoreChildren With Disabilities : Right Vs Wrong1105 Words   |  5 Pagesmany types of learning disabilities; some of the learning disabilities commonly found are Dyslexia (inability to read properly). Dyslexia. - Mayo Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. Dyscalculia (inability to understand math) Dyscalculia.org. N.p., n.d. Web. and Dysgraphia (inability to write and visual and audio difficulty). Dysgraphia. Learning Disabilities Association of America. N.p., n.d. Web. Review of Literature There have been several policies put into place to make sure children with disabiltitesRead MoreTexas Dyslexia Reform: Implementing a Policy in Its Infancy Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents with dyslexia in 1985, continues to set the standard when it comes to dyslexia education reform (T. Flanders, personal communication, August 30, 2011). Until recently, little consideration was made in the use of assistive technology (AT) for students with mild disabilities, specifically in the field of dyslexia education and intervention (Edyburn, 2006, p. 18). With the passing of Senate Bill 866, concerning the implementation of classroom technology plans for students with dyslexia, the pursuitRead MoreViolence And Abuse Of The United States913 Words   |  4 PagesWomen against Abuse, police officers, and more. It is considered a very serious crime in the U.S although it is frequently unreported, as some victims either do not realize that they are being abused or they are too frighten ed to report it. Review the Literature There are many various types of abuse. A very common one that unfortunately occurs in the United States is sexual. Sexual assault branches out into many different things. Some examples are rape, indecent exposure, molestation, and even maritalRead MoreQuantitative Research Vs. Qualitative Research704 Words   |  3 Pagesthe researcher would use statistics to find information like the mean, standard deviation, probability of a certain event, etc. Both are very useful forms of research; however, they cannot both be equally applied to all situations. A researcher in literature or political science would be more likely to use qualitative research than a forensic science researcher would. I am currently still deciding on a topic and talking to two possible mentors. I have found a few different areas that I may be interestedRead MoreHigh Among The Nation s Concerns Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pageswhich interfere with processing information, such as: listening, speaking, thinking and reading. The most prevalent condition according to the same source (NCLD), is a reading disorder known as Dyslexia. Autism and ADD/ADHD are not considered learning disabilities. Students with learning disabilities are reportedly the largest group of individuals (41%) served by the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). Under this law eligible students

How True is True Love in Modern Times - 2328 Words

Does True Love Exist? I love you. These three little words might possibly be the most powerful statement one can make to another person. In life, most yearn for the intimate affection that a certain someone can provide them. Women dream of their Prince Charming to come and sweep them off their feet, while men search for the love of their life that sets their heart on fire. But what happens when love is thrown around without a second thought? Has this four letter word become an overused clichà ©? Has love been replaced with lust? Is there such a thing as true love? This last question has been asked throughout history, while many have argued and debated over the final answer. We, as a society, have become a loveless, sex crazed group of†¦show more content†¦She finds it ridiculous that some would commit suicide for such a small thing as having no one to love. I might be driven to sell your love for peace, / Or trade the memory of this night for food, (12-13) she says, imagin ing a situation where she must choose between love and basic necessities. However, in the last line of the poem, after thinking about this sacrifice, she simply answers, I do not think I would, (14) proving that in the end, she would rather be left with love. Millay explains that some people do not cherish love as they should, and would give up a special moment for something tangible. She clearly shows that although she realizes love is not the only goal in life, she would not trade her feelings for anything else in the world. In the poem, True Love, by Wislawa Szymborska, love is depicted as a revolting and repulsive act looked upon by the public. Szymborska questions true love, asking, Is it normal, / is it serious, is it practical? (1-2) With all the time and effort that is put into love, most would wonder about the same things as Szymborska. The poet begins to criticize those in love that are Placed on the same pedestal for no good reason, / drawn randomly from millions (5-6). Those who are envious of couples in love often feel this way too, wondering why it couldnt be them instead. She says that it is unfair that love chooses only some, Â…disrupt[ing]Show MoreRelatedSonnet 116 by William Shakespeare1002 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a constant theme of love found consistently within many forms of literature. The reoccurring theme of love is indicated within two poems, Sonnet 116 written by Shakespeare and Cinderella by Anne Sexton. Love is like a diamond, extremely rare and difficult to find. Shakespeare and Anne Sexton surpassed many other author’s in being able to capture the theme of love in their pieces of literature. Sonnet 116, written by Shakespeare, is one of the most popular love poems to this day. The poemRead MoreMidsummer Nights Dream: Fate vs. Free Will Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagespresent his philosophy towards the nature of love. The characters struggle through confusion and conflicts to be with the one they love. Although the course of their love did not go well, love ultimately triumphs over all at the end of the play. The chaos reaches a climax causing great disruption among the lovers. However, the turmoil is eventually resolved by Puck, who fixes his mistake. The confusion then ends and the lovers are with their true love. Throughout the play Shakespeares philosophyRead MoreA Midsummer Nights Dream: he Course of True Love Never Did Run Smooth861 Words   |  4 PagesThe hilarious play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, by William Shakespeare, tells the twisted love story of four Athenians who are caught between love and lust. The main characters: Hermia, Helena, Lysander, and Demetrius are in a ‘love square’. Hermia and Lysander are true love enthusiasts, and love each other greatly. Demetrius is in love with Hermia, and Helena, Hermia’s best friend, is deeply and madly in love with Demetrius. Hermia and Lysander try to elope in the woods because Egeus, Hermia’s fatherRead MoreThe Impervious Perception of William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night1631 Words   |  7 Pagesdevices that are used in modern comedies today, such as topsy-turvy romance, foolery, and mistaken identities. Twelfth Night also involves many cultural aspects that would be tough for an audience today to relate with. Some of these ideas are social class, dialect, and lack of modern technology that affect our lives today. Shakespeare appeared ahead of his time since this comic play can relate to an audience of modern times, but it poses some obstructions for the modern audience to appreciate itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |à ‚  6 PagesJuliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry from their parents because it is forbidden. In the 1996 classical movie, Romeo and Juliet, a tragic love story unravelsRead MoreThe Chemistry of Love in Modern America Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesfull of fun, happiness, friendships, and love. Children from a young age are captivated by the colorful art, whacky characters, and funny moments found in the classic cartoon films. The children may walk away from the movie feeling happy, but their minds have been contaminated with ideas far beyond their understanding; ideas specially pertaining to love. From such a young age, children are used the idea of ideal love, love at first site, and eternal love from Cinderella, Pocahontas, Beauty and theRead MoreEssay about Heracles: From the Myth to a Disney Movie1627 Words   |  7 Pageswill seek to compare mythological heros during their time to how they have been depicted in modern day. Moreover, my study will analyze the similarities and differences between the Greek hero Heracles and his replica character, Hercules, depicted in Disneys adaptation of this myth. Although there are few similarities between the two versions, the differences between Heracles and Disneys Hercules are prominent. These differences help modern day audiences relate more easily to the characters inRead MoreA Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pagescourse of true love never did run smooth† (28) Later, when the love potion is placed onto the lovers by Puck, the well known trickster, and the other fairies such as Oberon and Titania, king and queen of the fairies , many mixups, and fal sely wrong loving affections and emotions arise between the ‘love square’. â€Å"The course of true love never did run smooth† (28) is very evident with the relationships of Hermia and Lysander, Helena and Demetrius, and the hardships and disasters of the love potionRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1309 Words   |  6 PagesDuke Orsino. Her role is one of steadfast love towards Orsino; she willingly courts Olivia on his behalf as Cesario, burying her feelings for him because she cares that he is happy. There is a rigid dichotomy between Viola and Orsino’s passion; where Viola is steady, Orsino is inconsistent. Feste states directly to Orsino that his â€Å"mind is a very opal† (2.4.71) which implies he is constantly changing what he wants and is more in love with the idea of love rather than Olivia. Duke Orsino’s evolutionRead MoreErich Fromm s The Art Of Loving1180 Words   |  5 PagesLove. Let this word sink deep into the a byss that is your mind for a moment. What thoughts, if any, come rushing to the forefront? Is it your family, a girlfriend or boyfriend, an object? Love, it is an all too powerful word that is often tossed around with reckless abandon in today’s fast-paced and ever advancing society. The question is: is true love something that is attainable in the world we live in or are there too many obstacles in our path that mitigate the chance to find the greatest part

Differences Between Inequality And Class Differences

This essay question asks to discuss some of the ways in which differences and inequalities persist over time. This indicates that they are not fixed, but forever changing, and caused in different ways by people and society. Therefore, the essay will choose two of the three strands studied, those being ‘Making Lives’, ‘Connecting Lives’ and ‘Ordering Lives’. The essay will first define what the meaning of the words ‘Inequality’ and ‘Differences’ are. It will then use two strands Making Lives and Ordering Lives and discuss how they persist over time and will look particularly at economic inequality, homelessness and class differences. Concluding that the whole world is effected by continuing inequalities and differences, which is only getting worse. What is ‘Inequality? ‘it’s definition ‘The unequal distribution of valued social resources within a society or between societies’ (Blakeley Staples, (2014 ) p13, 25). Thus it is the unequal opportunities, between how people get access to money, education, health care and other such commodities and whereby some have more and some less, thus causing an inequality within society. ‘Differences’ is defined in different ways depending on the subject, it can mean ‘the degree to which one person or thing differs from another.’ or ‘the state or relation of being different; ‘or ‘a significant change in or effect on a situation’ (Dictionary.com, 2016) but simply put it describes how, why, people and things are different from one another.Show MoreRelatedConsequences of Inequality and the Ways in Which are Reproduced628 Words   |  3 PagesInequality focuses upon the way that resources are distributed across the whole society. In this distribution there are significant differences for children who come from varying social backgrounds. The study of such differences or inequalities has become one of the main concerns of sociological research in education. Sociologists have also paid attention to the consequences of inequality, and the ways in which inequalities are reproduced and transmitted from generation to generation. The mostRead MoreDD1021515 Words   |  7 Pagessocial class is connected to the places where people live. For the purpose of this essay I will explore the view that social class is connected to the places where people live. This essay will show what sort of evidence social scientists draw upon to support the claim that class and place are connected by selecting examples from the variety of study materials from the ‘Connecting lives’ strand. I will begin by outlining what the term ‘class’ means with some reference to the links between class andRead MoreHuman Suffering, By The Marxian Analysis Of Capitalism And Class Struggles908 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In this essay, I will examine the concept of human suffering, namely inequality, alienation, oppression and violence as presented in the Marxian analysis of capitalism and class struggles. In examining these concepts I argue that the hierarchy of difference created by the binary model of inferior and superior class positions naturalises this human suffering. In many ways, human suffering is the negation of the other in order to determine oneself. In order to explore the key conceptsRead MoreThe Black Report1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Report There are considerable health inequalities amongst Britain’s social classes. Health is formed by socio-economic, political and environmental factors; these elements shape inequalities and influence the health of various social groups in Britain. Health inequalities is the term used to describe the consistent recurring differences of the health complaints involving the social classes of Britain. These differences were first highlighted by Sir Douglas Black in a researchRead MoreEssay about Death of the American Dream1042 Words   |  5 Pagesanti-Communism in the 1950s, communism places extreme emphasis on class divisions, specifically the unfair nature of the upper class’ domination of the working class. To admit class divisions was to invite revolution and socialism. So instead, we told ourselves that, in this country, class did not exist; that a free-market capitalist society permits anyone who wants to improve his socioeconomic status to do so. In his essay Class in America: Myths and Realities published in  Re-Reading America CulturalRead MoreTo Understand Poverty, It Is Crucial To Understand The1329 Words   |  6 PagesTo understand poverty, it is crucial to understand the systems that are involved in c reating it. Inequality is embedded in many necessary institutions within society, which provides the basis for poverty to occur. Without this entrenchment of inequality amongst institutions and systems within society, it is clear that poverty would look very different. This paper will delve into the concept of racialized poverty and how racialized minorities have a greater propensity to remain in poverty due to aRead MoreInequalities in Health Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pages[Type the company name] 11 Inequalities of Health Sociology Gemma McCann Inequalities of health Gemma McCann Word count 1310 Within this assignment I am going to explore the sociological perspectives of Marxism and Functionalism and a brief view on interactionism in relation to health and inequalities in health. I will explore sociological explanations for these inequalities focusing on structural materialist, artefact, social selection and cultural explanations. â€Å"Health is a stateRead MoreAssess the functionalist explanations of social inequality1181 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Asses the Functionalist explanations of Social Inequality. (40) Social Inequality refers to any difference between groups or individuals in society which results in one having inferior life chances than the other. Functionalists believe these inequalities are the result of the meritocracy we live in. This is a system based on the idea that social stratification is necessary and desirable for the society. Functionalists argue that inequalities have a purpose; they are functional for society. FunctionalismRead MoreThe Influence Of Income On Health852 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding ignorance versus poor conditions, poverty and health relationship, and poverty and inequality. Marmot believes that there are two sides to the argument on how Income influences health. Many may argue that no matter what your income is, if you have clean water to drink and a clean place to live in and proper nutrition, then once the water is clean, having a high or low income won’t make any differences. On the other hand, he explains how poverty influences health a nd provides the readers withRead MoreThe Realities of Social Inequalities1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of class stratification in relation to the average person within the US tends to be confused by the promises the United States advertises: a land of opportunity where if you work hard enough, you can achieve your dreams of wealth and prosperity, despite your background. It is reported that most Americans, 42 %, believe that they fall within the middle class (Gallup Poll, 2012). However according to a report released by the Pew Research, the middle class has experienced shrinking and

Euthanasia Essay Euthanasia - 1262 Words

Keanne Zhang Instructor: Joel Tomfohr LA 202 Sep 29rd, 2014 Euthanasia I have born in Guangzhou, China, and spent long period of time living and studying in Hong Kong. Hong Kong impressed me the most is that people living there are embodying the spirit of freedom, and they can always stand out to fight for their right and freedom. I am a talkative person, and I can tell others what I am thinking very accurately. I am passionate of communicate with different people because this is a way to get to know more things about the world with fun. They tell me about their jobs, places that they have traveled, and delicious food they have eaten. Hearing their stories can make me feel like I have experienced what they did too. Therefore, I can never imagine how it would be like if I am not able to receive any message or communicate with people anymore. What brings me more sorrow is that when watching drama which includes scene that describe the main character unfortunately got into a car crash, and she end up live her whole life in vegetative state. I could not ima gine if this situation happens to me, how much pain I would bring to my family, and how do I live my live. Later, I realized that this has been a social issue for long when I see a real case. When I was in seventh grade, I had my best friend Kenny. He lives next to me and we studied at the same school. We always play in each other house before dinnertime. Life was happy and easy every day. Until, one day, I feel somethingShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Euthanasia863 Words   |  4 PagesThis is why Euthanasia is important and summarizing the research that I found on Euthanasia. Euthanasia is important because there is a lot of arguments about Euthanasia. Some people support it and some people do not support Euthanasia (Euthanasia and assisted suicide- Arguments). Euthanasia allows people to be free from physical pain. It is the hastening of death of a patient to prevent further sufferings (Euthanasia Revisited). The religious argument states God chooses when human life ends. EuthanasiaRead MoreEuthanasia Essays : Euthanasia And Euthanasia1432 Words   |  6 PagesDoes euthanasia assists patients to die with dignity? From fresh to dying, is the humanity multiplies the development natural law. Along with medicine progress and life enhancement, the people besides pay attention to eugenics, simultaneous starts to pay attention to the euthanasia. Since this century 50 ages, regarding euthanasia, many countries’ medical arenas, educational world, and ethical groups have been arguing about the euthanasia argument for many years, although many person of ideas haveRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Euthanasia Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages Euthanasia James Dudley Euthanasia continues to be an ongoing issue in modern society. Over the course of history, there has been a multitude of debates that have tried to justify assisted suicide, or euthanasia. Gallup’s study in 2013 openly shows this statistic by showing that over 75 percent of Americans trust that euthanasia should be acceptable. However, what Americans don’t comprehend is that making any form of euthanasia legal infringes upon the right to life as stated in the constitutionRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : The Euthanasia989 Words   |  4 Pagesthe euthanasia process and what to expect. The euthanasia can take place in the privacy of your own home or you may choose to have it done at your veterinarian’s office. Your veterinarian may offer at home euthanasia or you may be able to locate a veterinary service that does at home euthanasia such as Home To Heaven. This is a personal choice and should be made with you and your pet’s comfort in mind. Additionally, you may want to decide if you wish to be present during the euthanasia. SomeRead More Euthanasia Essay2196 Words   |  9 Pages Here is another essay for you to use! Its alittle screwed up, but perhaps you can do something with it. It was a lot worse than this, it had strange marks all over it and the paragraphs were everywhere. I fixed it a bit, but I would go crazy if I stared at a computer screen any more!!!! Euthanasia, is one of the most controversial issues of our time. This diver issue raises many questions such as: how should decisions be made, and by whom? What should be determined as a matter of law and whatRead MoreEuthanasia Essay - Pro Euthanasia Argumentative Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesImani Henry Mr. Dowie Honors English 9 1/13/17 Pro Euthanasia Argumentative Essay Euthanasia is the act of intentionally killing someone to end suffering, with and without their consent. This practice has been around since the beginning of time and has been practiced by different cultures all over the world. In the United States currently, only 5 states allow the option of euthanasia. All states throughout the USA should allow the act of euthanasia. Considering it is within the 1st amendment due toRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia The Right1403 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia the right to die whit dignity Euthanasia is one of the most historically debated, discussed topics in medicine, law and ethics. Doctors, religious, lawyers and relatives of terminally ill patients, leave testimonials that make us reflect on the topic. Right to die with dignity or live with pain and suffering? A question that we do ask when we live experiences of loved ones who suffer daily pain, having an undeserving life. Euthanasia is currently referring to the act of ending the lifeRead MoreEuthanasia Essay - The Legalization Of Euthanasia803 Words   |  4 PagesLegalization of Euthanasia [Speech Transcript] [Introduction] What is euthanasia? Euthanasia (derived from the Greek word euthanatos: eu- for good; thanatos for death) is the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve intractable suffering. Intractable: adj. describes high complexity, which makes it difficult to change, manipulate, or resolve an issue. In this context, intractable suffering refers to terminal illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, or Ebola. TypesRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Morality1627 Words   |  7 PagesDenise Maranhao Professor Joseph Anderson Ethics across the professions November 29, 2014 Euthanasia (Euthanasia and morality) Could you pull the plug? Is mercy killing considered murder and should it be illegal under each and every circumstance? There are many questions and even more controversies when it comes to euthanasia and assisted suicide. There are those who believe euthanasia is immoral regardless of the situation, it is illegal and therefore always wrong. But most people have never beenRead More Non-Voluntary Euthanasia: The Future of Euthanasia Essay2932 Words   |  12 PagesNon-Voluntary Euthanasia: The Future of Euthanasia      Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-voluntary euthanasia seems to be the natural direction in which euthanasia practice evolves. In the Netherlands at the present time, there is a fear on the part of the aged, about being taken to the hospital - where the doctor may have the last word about life and death. This essay digs into this evolutionary process of voluntary euthanasia evolving into the non-voluntary type.    Advocates of legalised euthanasia almost always

Should Animal Testing Be Banned Essay - 2185 Words

Ban Animal Testing in Laboratories Vivisection or the use of live animals for testing is used for many experiments including cosmetic testing and psychological. Vivisection has been used by researchers since 500 BC and many life-saving treatments have been developed this way (animal-testing.procon.org). In 1921 dogs were used in experiments in which they had their pancreases removed and led to the discovery of insulin which has saved the lives of diabetics. The polio vaccine was tested on animals in 1988 and helped to reduced the global occurrence of the disease from 350,000 cases to 223 cases in 2012. Major advances in understanding and treating conditions such as breast cancer, brain injury, leukemia, multiple sclerosis and many others have benefited from animal research. Animal testing has also been instrumental in developing pacemakers, cardiac valve substitutes, and anesthetics. However these animals are deliberately harmed, not for their own benefit, and are killed during or at the end of the experiment. They are often bred in cruel, multi-million dollar industries such as laboratories or breeding facilities, for the sole purpose of experiments. Currently more than 115 million animals across the world are being used for scientific experiments and are forced to undergo some thing that is likely to cause them pain, suffering, and distress. They are waiting in fear for the next painful procedure to be performed and then killed. Animals used in laboratoryShow MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if there’s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? Today, a lot of cosmetics has been testing on helpless animals and there are about 1.4 million animals die each year from animal testing ( CatalanoJ, 1994). Most of the experiments that are completed in the laboratories are very cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned880 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on animals testing. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. Those animals have the right to live, according to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals; the other opinion, supports the idea of animal testing as the important part of the source of what has reached medicine of the results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year huge numbers of animals a re sacrificed for the science all these animals, whetherRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned776 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Should be Banned  ¨Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisioned and abused in US labs every year ¨ ( ¨11 Facts About Animal Testing ¨). Imagine if that was someones animal getting tortured in labs just to test things such as beauty products and perfume. Animal testing was first suggested when,  ¨Charles Darwin evolutionary theory in the mid 1850s also served to suggest that animals could serve as effective models to facilitate biological understanding in humans ¨ (Murnaghan)Read MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned940 Words   |  4 Pages1). Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2). 92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials. (DoSomething â€Å"11 Facts About Animal Testing†). There are currently no laws combating the testing of cosmetics on animals, but the practice is harmful and must be ended. As evidenced by the statistics above, millions of animals are tortured and murdered in the United States every year for virtually no reasonRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1572 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Testing Every year, over two hundred million innocent animals are injured or killed in scientific experiments across the world. Of those animals, between seventeen and twenty million are used in the United States alone. It is said that an animal dies in a laboratory every three seconds (Animal Testing 101). Those in favor of animal experimentation say they are taking animals’ lives to save humans. It is not necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in theRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. This topic is important because people need to know what goes on during animal testing and why it is very beneficial. Animal testing needs to be used to find all cures. Some ani mals such as chimps/ monkeys have 90% of the same DNA humans haveRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1721 Words   |  7 Pages † Today, more animals are being used in experiments than ever before: around 100 million in the United States alone† (3). Animal testing is now an international issue, and it is becoming a major story. Currently, animals are often used in medical testing, make-up testing, and other consumer product testing. Animals used in such product testing are often abused and suffer from serious side-effects. Animal testing can be painful for the animals, testing results are usually not even useable forRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit. Using animals for these experimentations usually does not come to mind. Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or procedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing Should Be Banned Throughout the decades, animals have been used in medical research to test the safety of cosmetics including makeup, hair products, soaps, perfume, and countless of other products. Animals have also been used to test antibiotics and other medicines to eliminate any potential risks that they could cause to humans. The number of animals worldwide that are used in laboratory experiments yearly exceeds 115 million animals. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of

Identification of Business Risks

Question: Implement selections procedures that increase the probability of finding the right staff for the business. Put in place confidentiality agreements and /or reasonable restraint of trade agreements signed by key staff or where appropriate all staff. Implement a robust performance development system for communication of performanceexpectations and goals, monitoring performance and setting remuneration. Provide ongoing training for staff consistent with the needs of the business. Allocate several people to fulfill key tasks and provide backup in the event of illness or sudden departure. Rotate employees through various functions or departments to familiarize them with other areas of the business; Implement suitable OHS policies to minimize risks. Use equity interests, profit-sharing or other incentives to help retain key personnel and let them share the success they create for the business. Review the period of notice required of staff who resign. Answer: Identification of Business risks Internal risks The internal risks shall consist of the risks posed by the workforce. Lack of job satisfaction shall lead to a high attrition rate for the business organization. In addition, of the compensation structure is not adequate enough it would force the employees to look for other options. In this regard, it can be said that cost of recruitment and selection would be a financial burden on the organization in the process of looking for replacing the employees in this organization. Therefore, it becomes necessary that specific human resource policies are made to retain the existing talent in the organization (Kadareja 2013). Organizational Fraud - Organizational fraud is an essential part of the internal risk that can pose a threat to the sustainability of the business enterprise. As such these can lead to the overall depletion of the financial strength of the organization. In addition, embezzlement of funds can also lead to the shortage of the existing cash funds of a business entity. Thus, this can hamper the daily business functionalities of a business enterprise (Davies 2014). Risk reduction policies Implementing a stringent recruitment procedure shall enable the business organization to select the best possible candidate that would have the necessary skills and the competencies to serve the organization efficiently in the long run. Besides this, backgrounds checks must also be conducted to ensure that the candidate meets the necessary criteria in working for the business organization. Developing confidentiality agreements for each employee shall enable the business organization to ensure that none of the business policies are disclosed to any third party. This would enable the business enterprise to maintain a high level of secrecy. The adoption of an effective performance management system shall assist the business enterprise to monitor the performance of each employee working in the business organization. In this regard, it can be said that following an transparent and honest appraisal procedure without any bias to any third party working in the business organization. This would motivate the employees to offer their best performance and enhance the overall productivity of the entity. Addressing the needs of the employee are another concern that has to be effectively dealt and considered in an appropriate manner. Thus, employees have to be handled in a sensitive manner to prevent the attrition rate in the organization (Basher et al.2015). The risk reduction policy shall be also constituted of implementing effective training schemes for the employees. This shall enable the employee to be familiar with the other business segments apart from their area of expertise. This would assist the business enterprise to ensure business operations and decreasing the operational costs of the business. In addition it would be useful if financial as well as non-financial incentives are offered in exceeding their individual targets. Therefore, this would assist the business enterprise to retain key talent in the organization. Finally dividing the workforce into specific teams shall be helpful to the management of the business organization to allocate tasks. In addition back up resources shall also be useful in the case of a medical emergency or a sudden departure from the business organization. The period of notice served by an employer can be re-considered to prevent stagnation of ongoing projects that can lead to a loss in productivity for the business enterprise. Information Technology risks The failure in the information technology process can adversely influence the business operations to a considerable extent. This can be a major deterrent on the business operations and adversely impact employee performance Strategies to reduce IT risk Protection of key data present in laptops and desktops. Besides this, the backup data must also be kept. Installation of effective anti-virus software to prevent malicious software and programs from harming the IT system and other various processes affecting the organization. The power supply should be strong enough to ensure there is no interruption in the work. Thus, this will lead to enhanced productivity in the business organization. Adequate IT training must be offered to the staff of the organization to assist them to adapt to a technology enabled environment (Davenport, T.H 2013). Financial risks The financial risks mostly relate to the incapability to pay out the short term as well as the long term risks of the business enterprise. In addition, the shortage of funds in the organization also would hamper the daily business functionalities of the business enterprise. External Risks Threats due to customers - The Customers are the primary source of revenue for the business enterprise. Therefore, if customer loyalty shifts towards another business entity or the brand has been unable to explore newer markets it would have an adverse influence on the business performance of the entity (Kaplan and Mikes 2012). Business strategies The following are the business strategies that can be adopted to ensure sustainability of the business enterprise in the long run. Gather consumer feedback and develop marketing and operational policies as per the marketing conditions. In addition, establishing long term service contracts with buyers shall assist the business enterprise to prevent consumer loyalty to shift to other brands. Explore newer business areas to gain a larger market share. This would assist the business enterprise to reduce the financial risk that can pose a major threat to the sustainability of the business enterprise. Effective consumer policies shall enable the business enterprise to develop a positive consumer perception among the consumers. This shall lead the business enterprise to develop brand loyalty among the consumers and towards achieving further growth (Haley et al. 2012). Threat from competitors The presence of substitute brands can pose significant threat to the business sustainability of . Therefore, it is essential that distinctive marketing and operational strategies are made to assist the entity to survive strong market competition. This would ensure that consumer loyalty is not shifted to other similar brands operating in the same product and service line. Threat from economic condition An adverse economic condition can hamper the purchasing power of consumers in a substantial manner. In addition, the price of the goods can also increase which can have a negative impact on the sales revenue of the business entity.As such, essential business strategies must be implanted to ensure that the organization is protected against the vulnerable economic condition of a place. Stakeholders of the business The following are the stakeholders in the business organization Owners of business Managers Employees Costumers Suppliers Competitors Shareholders Local community Local council Government Tools Used To Identify Risk The following are the tools that would be required to identify the risks. Brainstorming Surveys Interviews: Business skills Relevant business documents of the past years Output gathered from the examining risk analysis Historical Data Templates Assessing Risks The probability and the impact matrix can be used in categorizing and prioritizing the risk involved. The risk assessment procedure shall be facilitated by the probability and the impact matrix used by the business enterprise. The tool can be used to raise the general level of awareness in the business organization. In the probability and the Impact matrix procedure the risk is rated considering its impact on the business organization. Additionally, a risk is dependent on attributes like the industry, company, project as well as the people involved in the business organization. The following are the methods that can be used to monitor as well as control of risks Assess time and effort that is to be spent on each task Assesses the estimated time that would be required to complete the tasks Evaluate the impact of job performance on emergency tasks Define the action plan in the case of business risks as well as emergencies. Assess the roles and the responsibilities of the executives and the middle- ranked employees. The procedure of monitor and assessing the risks remain essential, due to its ability to frame the necessary plan of action in the event of a risk hampering the business sustainability of a business enterprise. This shall also enable the business organization to safeguard against hampering the business performance. Each of these control measures would be handled on a regular basis which would enable the business enterprise to assess their relevancy in the event of a risk. In addition employee performance would be measured, in the context of the contribution towards the business organization (Burke 2013). In the context of assessing the risk the following are the indicators that are essential to the success of the business organization Sales revenue Employee retention rate The degree of success in emergency situations The frequency of identification of risk The existing market position of the business enterprise in comparison with the past year . Risk Register Risk Risk likelihood Risk impact Treatment Monitoring Timelines Responsible Consumers Medium High Gather consumer feedback and develop marketing and operational policies as per the marketing conditions. In addition, establishing long term service contracts with buyers shall assist the business enterprise to prevent consumer loyalty to shift to other brands.. Explore newer business areas to gain a larger market share Reduction in operating costs to retain the existing financial strength of the business organization Revenue figures Customers Monthly and quarterly reporting Executive managers of the business organization Employees Medium High Implementing a stringent recruitment procedure shall enable the business organization to select the best possible candidate that would have the necessary skills and the competencies to serve the organization efficiently in the long run. Developing confidentiality agreements for each employee shall enable the business organization to ensure that none of the business policies are disclosed to any third party. The adoption of an effective performance management system shall assist the business enterprise to monitor the performance of each employee working in the business organization Following an transparent and honest appraisal procedure without any bias to any third party working in the business organization. The risk reduction policy shall be also constituted of implementing effective training schemes for the employees Enable the employee to be familiar with the other business segments apart from their area of expertise. Financial as well as non-financial incentives are offered in exceeding their individual targets. Review the period of notice required of staff who resign. Training manuals Recruitment statistics Sales revenue Internal survey Monthly as well as quarterly reporting Managers and individual staff. Information Technology Medium High Protection of key data present in laptops and desktops. Besides this, the Backup data must also be kept. Installation of effective anti-virus software to prevent malicious software and programs from harming the IT system and other various processes affecting the organization. Protection of networks and servers Developing effective business applications Adequate IT training must be offered to the staff of the organization to assist them to adapt to a technology enabled environment. Evaluation of work done and comparing with the pre-determined goals set at the outset Defining plan of action Monthly as well as quarterly reporting Managers and individual staff. Reference List Basher, R., Hayward, B., Lavell, A., Martinelli, A., Perez, O., Pulwarty, R., Sztein, E., Ismail-Zadeh, A. and Cutter, S., 2015. Disaster Risks Research and Assessment to Promote Risk Reduction and Management. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA. Council, E.B. and Hayes, M., 2013. Corporate Risk Register-CBNT-130213. Davenport, T.H., 2013. Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Kadareja, A., 2013. Internal and hidden risks of innovation projects. Innovation Management. se. Kaplan, R.S. and Mikes, A., 2012. Managing risks: a new framework. Vue-matrix.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://vue-matrix.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/riskmatrix2.png [Accessed 14 Jun. 2016]. Haley, G.T., Haley, U.C. and Tan, C., 2012. New Asian emperors: The business strategies of the overseas Chinese. John Wiley Sons. Clarizen Success. (2013). Risk Management - Useful Tools and Techniques. [online] Available at: https://success.clarizen.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/203996208-Risk-Management-Useful-Tools-and-Techniques [Accessed 14 Jun. 2016]. Davies, J.C., 2014. Comparing environmental risks: tools for setting government priorities. Routledge.

International Human Resource Management International Projects

Question: Discuss about the International Human Resource Management for International Projects. Answer: Introduction HRM stands for Human Resource Management and human resource management can be defined as a process of managing the people. The process of managing the people in a structured form of an organization or a company to make them perform well is the main task of the human resource management. The process of managing the people consists of various steps like hiring the suitable candidate for the company, setting of pay and perks with those selected candidates. On the other side, International Human Resource Management or IHRM is the procedure of managing the people in an international business (DeMilta, 2011). International human resource management is different from the normal human resource management to some extent. IHRM is very important to the multinational companies for achieving the competitive advantage in the international market. The main differences between the HRM and IHRM are as under: IHRM is done in the international level but HRM is national level activity IHRM helps to manage the people, who are from different countries but work under same organization. On the other side, HRM helps to manage the people, who are from the same country. IHRM can manage wide range of people but HRM can manage limited number of people. IHRM is more complicated than HRM. In reality HRM and IHRM (International Human Resource Management) are different from each other. HRM works on a domestic scale or level, but on the other hand IHRM works internationally i.e. across the boundary. It is the duty of the human resource management to fulfil all the objectives of the company, by focusing on the development of the employees of that company so a good relation can be maintained between the employees and the higher management of the company. Recruitment and Selection Process is a task performed by the management of the human resource of the company in which it recruits employees for the company by attaining various selection processes. Recruitment and selection process is very important part of the business activities of an organization because with the help of this particular HR practice, the companies get the eligible candidates or employees (Anbari, Khilkhanova, Romanova, Umpleby 2003). The recruitment and selection process of the companies differs from country to country and sometimes company to company. Recruitment and selection process of a company includes a systematic procedure. The selection process helps the management to select an appropriate employee for their company, and who suits their company in all perspectives. It is a process of attracting an individual with required qualification and in a suitable numbers towards their company (Croteau, 2016). It helps in creating an interest among those selected emp loyees so that they can work for the company with full potential. Cultural difference also plays an important role in the selection process of the employees for an organization or a company. Each and every individual has a large impact of cultural difference being faced by them in an organization or the company. Cultural difference is responsible for creating a difference among the groups of employees. IHRM (International Human Resource Management) recruits various employees on the basis of its parental country, the host country and the country nationals, but the domestic HRM recruits the employees from its parental country only. It separates the people belonging to one culture from the people belonging to another culture. There are many advantages to an organization, if the employees of that organization belong to different cultures. With the diversity of the cultural behavior of the employees an organization can easily communicate with the people of different countries having different cultures. The company or an organization can promote their bu siness worldwide with the help of the employees related to different cultures. An organization consisting of a large number of employees, which provides the company a diversity in its cultural behavior also helps the company in creating different-different ideas for the development of the business of the company and a wide range of perspectives which helps the company in improving its performance from time to time according to the requirement of their customers(Anbari, Khilkhanova, Romanova, Umpleby, 2003). Recruitment and selection is one of the main HR activities (DeMilta, 2011). However, the recruitment and selection process can be different in different countries. For example, if the recruitment and selection process in India and Australia are compared then the difference can be found out very easily. In case of India and many other developing countries the companies at first arrange for written or online examination, then they select the candidates as per the results in the examination and take their interview and select the candidate for the particular post. However, in case of the companies in Australia, the companies first select the candidates based on the Curriculum Vitae and then they arrange for the examination procedure and then based on the examination result, they select the candidate. Therefore, from this example, it can be clearly understood that the recruitment and selection process is different in two different countries that are India and Australia. Staff Induction Process is also an important part of an organization. Moreover it is very important procedure of Human Resource practice. Staff induction process of a company mainly deals with describing the activities of the company to the new employees or new joined candidate (Anbari, Khilkhanova, Romanova, Umpleby 2003). During the staff induction process the companies use to make the new people accustomed with the internal culture of the company along with the rules and regulations. In order to carry out the staff induction process is the responsibility of the management of the company. In the staff induction process the new employees selected for the company are provided with the information needed by them for their start-up in the company through various process which are being carried by the management of the company or we can say in the human resource management of the company. In this process, the management provides each and every type of important information to the emplo yees required by them to carry out their work easily in the company(Robertson, 2010). This type of information helps the employees in improving their performance to accomplish their assignment assigned to them by the management of the company. The main motive of the staff induction is to focus upon the policies related to safety, security and other corporate policies, etc. in this process when something new is introduced in the company for the modification purpose, then training is often provided to all the employees, so that they can easily work with the newly introduced system in the new environment for the betterment of the company. New employees selected by the management of the company are unaware about the environment and the working procedures of the company. Therefore, with the help of the staff induction process, they became familiar to the companys environment and the process according to which various tasks are being performed in that company(HR Pulse News Desk, 2012). HRM working is totally different from the working of IHRM (International Human Resource Management) in the induction process. IHRM has to manage various complexities related to the employees, who belong to different countries and culture. On the other hand, domestic HRM has not to face these types of difficulties. The staff induction process provides various benefits to the newly selected employees because with the help of this process, they feel welcomed into the company, while making them comfortable in the workplace. This process creates a feeling among the employees that they have made the right decision for joining their company or an organization. By introducing the employees of the company to the management of the company and to the other staff will help them in completing their task more efficiently and more effectively. Cultural difference has a vital role in the induction process. Depending upon the cultural differences sometimes the management of the company provides diffe rent-different duties to employees. Therefore, providing different duties to the employees according to their culture is responsible for making different groups of employees within the company. Communication automatically starts decreasing when various groups are built within the company due to cultural difference. Due to these cultural differences in the position of an employee is decided by the management of the company. Fundamental rights and the authorization power of an employee also vary according to the culture he/ she belongs to. Australian companies nowadays are employing the people those who are having a wide range of knowledge about the culture across the world. This type of knowledge of the employees helps the company to communicate with other countries having different culture. With the increase in the communication factor these companies have a large scope to carry their business worldwide easily. Most of the companies working in Australia are also focusing on the specific needs of the culture of the employees working in their company or an organization(Equal Opportunity Commission of South Australia, 2015). If the management of the company or the staff of the company will not behave fairly with the people related to different cultures, then this type of act by the management or the staffs of that company is unlawful with respect to the equal opportunity law. The difference between the staff induction process of two companies in two countries can be better understood with the help of the example of the staff induction process in two companies one from Australia and the other from India. The main difference is in the duration of the induction process. In case of the Australian company like, Woolworths, the staff induction process continues for three months. In these three months, three different phases are followed. However, in the Indian company like, Century Ply, the staff induction process continues one month. This indicates that the staff induction process is different in different countries. Specially, in developing and developed countries the process is completely different. In case of the staff induction process in Australia, the induction process includes detailed description of the administrative procedure of the company along with the job description and other organizational activities of the company (DeMilta, 2011). However, in case of the Indian companies, the induction process is shorter and does not include detailed description of the each activity and administrative procedure of the company. Conclusion According to this study we can say that, there are a large number of impacts influencing various tasks of the companies due to cultural difference among the employees of the company. There are various differences among the HRM and IHRM. IRHM has to deal with various operations while addressing a border range. IRHM has to perform various operations related to taxes, exchange of foreign currencies, etc. but domestic HRM has not perform operations like this. According to the study the cultural differences provides various advantages as well as disadvantages to the company. As a disadvantage, the employees of the company cant work effectively if they feel any difference between the rights provided to them as compared to other employees by the management depending upon the cultural factors. And if the employee of the company will not perform efficiently then this will lead to decrease the business of the company across the globe. As a part of advantage, if the company has employees relate d to different cultures will help the company to carry out their business across the world. The employees related to different cultures have the knowledge about different languages being used in different countries will indirectly help the company to communicate with those countries through those employees (DeMilta, 2011). IRHM has a greater involvement in the personal life of employees as compared to HRM. Depending upon the external factors IRHM has to deal more as compared to HRM. IHRM has to deal with the difficulties faced by the employees from different nations, but HRM has to face only with the issues related to single nation. A company or an organization should provide equal rights to all the employees placed on a same designation without considering about their cultures, so that they can communicate with each other, share different-different ideas for the development of the company. All this can help the human resource management in an individuals development as well as the development of the company. References Anbari, F., Khilkhanova, K., Romanova, M., Umpleby, S. (2003). Cross cultural differences and their implications for managing international projects. Cross cultural differences and their implications for managing international projects. Retrieved from https://www.gwu.edu/~umpleby/recent_papers/2003_cross_cultural_differences_managin_international_projects_anbari_khilkhanova_romanova_umpleby.htm Croteau, P. (2016, January 02). Organizational culture and the influence on recruiting. Organizational culture and the influence on recruiting. Retrieved from https://www.legacybowes.com/authors/entry/organizational-culture-and-the-influence-on-recruiting.html DeMilta, H. (2011, May 16). The Australian Work Culture. The Australian Work Culture. Retrieved from https://www.australiablog.com/culture/the-australian-work-culture.html Equal Opportunity Commission of South Australia. (2015). Cultural differences in the workplace. Cultural differences in the workplace. Retrieved from https://www.eoc.sa.gov.au/eo-you/workers/work/cultural-differences-workplace HR Pulse News Desk. (2012, December 03). Why is induction so important. Why is induction so important. Retrieved from https://www.hrpulse.co.za/first-months2/induction/229077-why-is-induction-so-important Reiche, B. S., Lee, Y., Quintanilla, J. (2009). Culture perspectives on comparative HRM. IESE Business School , Department of Managing People in Organizations . Retrieved from https://blog.iese.edu/reiche/files/2010/08/Cultural-perspectives-on-Comparative-HRM.pdf Robertson, J. (2010, May 06). The importance of staff induction. The importance of staff induction. Retrieved from https://www.steptwo.com.au/papers/cmb_induction/ Shachaf, P. (2008). Culturaldiversityandinformationandcommunicationtechnologyimpactsonglobalvirtualteams:anexploratorystudy. IndianaUniversity. Retrieved from Culturaldiversityandinformationand