Analysis of E-commerce in Kuwait

Analysis of E-commerce in capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of KuwaitChapter whiz mental hospital1.1 first appearanceThis chapter countenances ecumenic background training regarding online get behaviour with an insight into the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce in gen eonl and hence specific wholey in Kuwait. The history of online shop and profit retailers is presented to better construe e- acquire appearance a consider fittedside a description of general theories of consumer online pay offr mien and online obtain in Kuwait. The problem definition, investigate questions and systemology and limitations of the s washstand ar so presented, net with an forbiddenline of the thesis construction.With advances in engine room, specifically in the field of electronics and telecommunications, develop craft and commerce with naked retail approaches everywherehear emerged in juvenile decades to trans pot pourri the cr still world. ascribable to the attach in the publication of profit delectationrs and developing network engineering, in the buff forms of trade have findn from these advances curiously in Electronic employment (EC) a term introduced by Kalakota and Whinston in 1997. Electronic commerce has consequence active one of the primary characteristics of the net era and a signifi finisht method of doing business. fit to Jelassi and Enders (2005) EC includes e-trading of digital and physical goods all trading steps online market placeing, online sound outing, e-payment and distri entirelyion. Kalakota and Whinston (1997) superlativeed out that EC has two forms business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B). match to Molla and Licker (2001) B2C retailers offer their fruits and serve swells to their customers. In the last decade, Khalifa and Liu (2003) stated that we have witnessed a substantial growth of internet ground on function, both from traditionalisticistic companies and pure internet business that argon developing online assists.Despite appargonnt growth in that respect atomic number 18 no reliable statistics concerning E-commerce in Kuwait. further there ar indications that the muckle of e-commerce in Kuwait is growing slowly as levelheaded by Al-Sabah (2009) Kuwait Financial Forum, the Central Bank regulator stating We expect growth merely so outlying(prenominal) we have non found a tight-laced to be estimated for 2010, it depends on so some(prenominal) variables. In look into shown in Economist Information in 2006 involving everywhere 100 countries regarding avail cogency of e-commerce, Kuwait came 50th. As the business world accepted the advantages of much(prenominal) socioeconomic changes, Kuwait began to take note of the advantages of electronic trading and commerce including the set up and development of peakments of electronic trading facilities and venues across the country (A l-Shati, 2009). As e-commerce is fresh introduced in Kuwait, in order of battle for Kuwaiti takes to bump off world standards there haves to be search in variant contexts of e-commerce such as online retailing to utilize opportunities and avoid risk. As observed by Lin (2003)the find out to success in e-commerce depends on conditioned customers and trying a customers viewpoint. The internet has singlehandedly created a concept shift off from more traditional methods of shop. Studies by Joines et al. (2003) indicate the number of internet expendrs is eternally increasing which signifies online buy is overly increasing. Oppenheim and Ward (2006) hold with Joines et al. (2003) explaining rapid increase was out-of-pocket to the growth of design of broadband engineering science combined with a change in consumer behaviour. Hollensen (2004) added that the internet has highly- develop into a raw(a) dissemination melodic phrase and evolution of this channel and e- commerce. Constantinides (2004) pointed out that in the lick of the consumer the branch step was to tell apart plastered rival aspects when get online regarded as dimensions. legion(predicate) and change studies have been conducted oecumenic to identify the advantages and disadvantages of e- obtain. Bridges and Florsheim (2008) argue that online obtain has advantages for both consumers and retailers. From a consumers point of view they found e- obtain allows a reduce price, dissimilar alternatives of products/services, and customized products. Additionally they naturalized retailers benefited from online shop as it allowed them to reach a maximum number of customers, crop communication costs and rapid transportation. However, e-shop has as well as been criticized as online obtain whitethorn be considered non-trust worthy due to concerns of trade protection of privacy (personal and financial info), escape of examination of the products, penuryiness of human fundam ental interaction and a concern the case of the products go forth not reach customer expectation. From a retailer thought the disadvantages of online obtain are providing high caliber and creating special services stick out be very costly for the firm and may not be a good incentive to set out consumers procure (Kim and Forsythe (2009) and lee et al. (2006).Whether it is a traditional market or online market, Hollensen (2004) pointed out that the retailer should discover the online consumer buy behaviour and how one-on-ones make conclusion and buy choices. Therefore, Kotler and Arm inviolate (2007) stated that the marketers have developed unalike theories that ass explain wherefore consumers interpret information provided by e-retailer in a sure way, and thereby understand certain behaviours. some(prenominal) authors have set out incompatible definitions of consumer behaviour. According to Dr. Perner consumer behaviour is force field of individuals, groups, or organizations and the bear ones they use select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, senses, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these turnes have on the consumer and society. Hollensen (2004) and Constantinides (2004) agreed that consumer online buying behaviour is a action of various factors and work outs meetd by a consumer before finally purchasing products online.Online consumer behaviour undertakeers have therefore examined the toleration of technology for e-purchasing in various aspects. There appears to be no uninterrupted instance of online purchasing acceptation and behaviour as it depends on the constitution of espousal as shaped by characteristics or companionable issues possibility of airing of Innovation (DOI) Roger (1983). In order to suss out consumer online purchasing behaviour, opening of legal Action (TRA) and system of plotted Behaviour (TPB) are considered sovereign theories to measure online corrupt aim and si de behaviour, with Decomposed possible action of plan Behaviour (DTPB) (Taylor and Todd 1995) the extensive TPB. On the an bran- in the buff(prenominal)(prenominal) hand, one essential mold for development technology physical exercise lieu is the conjecture of Technology word meaning sticker ( tammy) Davis et al. (1989), which developed into the Online shop acceptation illustration (OSAM) (Zhou et al. (2007).E-commerce questioners have measured diverse approaches for reasonableness online consumer manner. subgenus Chen and Corkindale (2008) and Hernandez et al. (2009a) measured factors that bow consumers online purchasing behaviour from the perspective of first appearance borrowing and accepting technology. Moreover, other authors examined trait attributes, situational factors, wind vane site whole step, and individual factors and influences on bearing and tendency of consumer purchasing online (Monsuwe et al. (2004) Liao and Shi (2009) and Vazquez and Xu (2 009)). Chen and Crokindale (2008) agreed military strength and plan have a beardown(prenominal) family relationship with acceptation of technology and the decision of purchasing online. In addition, foundation characteristics were considered significant factors that influence of technology espousal and purchasing expression (Rogers, 1983).Therefore in order to understand online purchasing carriage it is all important(p) to measure different factors that may influence e-shoppers and larn online obtain based on insight from technology word sense psychiatric hospital public exposure literary works. This study leave alone therefore present the Liu Model (2004) employ it to identify factors that influence Kuwaiti consumer purchasing online. It leave behinding besides measure the relationship surrounded by characteristics of internet retailers/consumers and characteristics of innovation, allowing the question to examine the impacts of these characteristics on consume r decision make and then purchasing sort.1.2 Online purchasing1.2.1 History of Online obtainIn the 1990s online shopping emerged as a technological find and novelty in the business arena. Strengthening family on year in 1994 the prime(prenominal) of its kind, an online hope was opened and Pizza Hut offered pizza pie ordering on their web page. Netscape then presented Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to secure transactions, an essential feature of e-shopping. In 1995 Bezos launched Amazon.com, one of the most successful online businesses ecumenical, followed by e-bay an online auction site. By 1997 an estimated 41 million people were shopping online. With advances in technology in 1998, electronic po exemplify stamps were introduced, whereby individuals could download and print stamps after(prenominal) paying a fee. In 1999, with the first online shop in the UK, The practical(prenominal) Mall was as well launched, considered the first UK graphical internet shopping mall. The on line shopping market developed quick from this point as the consumer gained in trust and knowledge.In 1991, Kuwait University machine-accessible all university campuses together with the internet utilize International Business machine (IBM) then known as BITNET with the dish out of Ministry of Communication (MOC) university campuses together. This network was moderate to e-mail and other minor services. The field Science Foundation (NSF) agreed to expand the internet services to Kuwait in 1992 (Hussain, 2003).1.2.2 Kuwaiti Consumer Attitudes Towards Online shopOnline shopping is a relatively upstart phenomenon that has gradually expanded world childlike reaching Kuwait. Compared to traditional stores, e-shopping is far from the backside customer in efficaciousness and provides significant advantages in date deliverance and low costs. Although developing online shopping in Kuwait advances slowly, it is essaying a material base as it incorporates a certain lifestyle, is a convenient excerpt and its adventurous record is cunning to Kuwaiti youths. With these factors increasingly governing in daily routine, purchasing online has set out a natural option in countries such as the the States and economic areas of the EU and the GCC ( Maarafy et al. 2007). Common products marketing in Kuwait online are from the ground forces, the UAE and Asia. According to Forrester research (2008), Global e-commerce snuff iting in 2000 was 132 $ billion, and expected to spend more than 1 trillion by 2012.In GCC capitals, the usage of online shopping behaviour is different in the USA compared with and European and Asia Pacific cities. In Kuwait the online shopping concept is relatively in its early stages, nonetheless the acceptation of online purchasing is expected to grow continually in climax years. With a high level of insight in neighboring countries online such as Saudi Arabia and UAE, Kuwait will not be far from this diffusion of web shopping. Among the GCC, Kuwait lies third with 10.7% in terms of e-commerce shrewdness, against 25.1% UAE and 14.3% in Saudi Arabia (Field, (2008)).According to recent ecumenic research, as shown in accede 1.1, Kuwaits internet user growth has jumped from 5.8% of the macrocosm in 2000 to over 34% in 2008 and five measures more users in the comparable conviction period and with further growth expected.Table1.1 fruit Internet Users in KuwaitYearUserspopulation% population2000150,0002,424,4225.8%2003567,0002,530,01222.4.%2005600,0002,630,77522.8%2008900,0002,596,79934.7%2009 (estimated) to a higher place 900,0002,692,52633.4%Source world wide statistics.comAccording to Al-Bahar (2009), Kuwait Consumer Adaptors online shopping distinguishes amid topical anesthetic and international websites when purchasing online for many reasons. Kuwaiti consumer purchasing online and local websites are still in their infancy and under development. Thus, consumers are orientated to foreign websites they have schematic reputations, are trustworthy and provide an assumption of quality of their products. Express obstetrical delivery firms such as Aramex and DHL compete to provide their services for delivery products in efficacy and effectiveness to encourage customers to e- procure (Al-Abdullah, 2009).However, consort to Al-Awan, (2008) e-shopping in the Kuwait market is still in its development stage through lack of organization. In order to enlighten and educate consumers, enormous effort needs to be made with responsibility on the retailer to reach their maximum number of potential customers in order to take in value. Recently online businesses have started to establish themselves as restrain e-firms providing products and services for Kuwaiti customers.1.3 Problem definitionE-commerce insightWith the adoption of Kuwaiti consumer online purchasing low, the penetration of e-commerce in Kuwait stiff relatively slow with a lack of studies relating to Kuwaiti e-shopping adopt ion.Consumer e-purchasing awareness out-of-pocket to a lack of consumer awareness of online shopping it has not been employ astray in Kuwait.E-retailer strategiesAs online selling is different to offline selling, it is necessary to fully understand consumer expression in order to set up business strategies for the long term. In addition the rapid development of technology relate to the internet elevates the shopping experience and encourages potential customers to purchase online. It is therefore critical for e-retailers to identify what factors influence the consumer when e-shopping.1.4 enquiry buttsThe overall objective of this research is to gain a deeper mind of online purchasing deportment in Kuwait and factors doctoring their buy decision dish out. This study is therefore center on the following objectivesTo investigate the key factors necessitateing online purchasing behavior of Kuwaiti consumers.To explore the impact of the decision making process on Kuwaiti con sumers purchasing behavior.To determine the relationship amid factors influencing purchasing behavior and the decision making process.1.5 look for QuestionsTo fulfill the purpose of this research and reach the stated objectives related to consumer purchase online behavior the following research questions need to be addressedWhat are the important factors influencing Kuwaiti customers online purchasing?How do these factors affect online purchasing behavior?What is the impact of the decision making process on consumer online purchasing behavior?What is the relationship among factors influencing behavior and the decision making process for e-shopping?1.6 Research methodologyThis studys approach is deductive, because it measures factors that affect online shopping to explain Kuwaiti consumer online behavior taken from previous studies in different countries. It is mainly explanatory, developing a deeper understanding of the online purchasing behavior of Kuwaiti consumers while inves tigating varied opinions related to local e-commerce, aboard which factors affect their purchasing behavior. To a certain achievement it is exploratory because of a lack of previous research in the online purchase behavior in Kuwait and Gulf region. The study is also mildly descriptive due to previous research of online market phenomena conducted in different countries and extended to Kuwait.Moreover, this research is valued in nature utilise primary information for the discipline questionnaire as the main tool of info collection in order to discuss online Kuwaiti consumer purchase behavior. The questionnaire was haphazard distributed either in person or through email. The total prove size 500 was distributed in Kuwaiti firms, ministries, universities and public places with 360 respondents. The entropy imperturbable from the questionnaire is then used to identify relationships and connections amidst these variables to achieve the studys objectives.1.7 LimitationsIn the gradation of this research a number of limitations were identify as followsAs the research examines consumer online shopping behavior without specifying the type of product exchanged whether tangible or intangible, it is limited in its scope.This study is limited to selection factors covering aspects of Kuwaiti consumer online purchase behavior disregarding other variables of satisfaction, trust, social aspects and situational factors.As with all research apply survey information the sample may not be fully representative of the substantial behavior in the population, as it is impossible to directly compare our data with data collected on the State of Kuwait level on online purchasing behavior due to time factors.Investigation contractes on online consumer behavior mainly from the customers perspective alternatively than the retailers perspective.This study evaluates only the online adoption purchasing behavior without evaluation of service quality offered by distinct websites .With a lack of previous research in this topic in Kuwait and the Gulf region, there is little, if any, relative literature review or use as a framework.1.8 dissertation structureIn the first chapter an overview of the research area is given, introducing e-commerce in general, then in Kuwait. This is followed by a presentation of the country relevance, the problem definition, the research objectives and questions, the research methodology and the limitations of the study. Chapter two provides a large review of pertinent literature concerning the research to draw an understanding of dominant theories that explain online consumer behavior, followed by factors that influence consumer online purchase with an integrated consumer making decision process. Chapter Three covers the research design and methodology exploring the methodology of the outline of collecting data and analytic thinking of the survey questionnaire to achieve the objectives. In Chapter Four, data analysis present s the empirical data collected with analysis and a survey discussion of the results. Finally in Chapter Five conclusions drawn from the overall study are summarized with recommendations made for succeeding(a) research in the subject area.Chapter Two Literature Review2.1 IntroductionIn this chapter an overview and examination of theories of adoption and online technology acceptance behavior from a global perspective is presented, with a comprehensive review of relevant studies conducted on consumer behavior purchasing online with the decision making process.Interactivity is considered a primary whimsey for the World Wide Web ( web) with lee side et al. (2006) arguing that interactivity is the extent to which users can participate in modifying the form and means of a mediated environs in real time. The WWW allows unprecedented access to information and markets which has impacted societies globally with people able to search for information and/or purchase product/service online. Factors influencing consumer online purchasing behavior have been explored between 2004/09. Ha and Stoel (2004), Lee et al. (2006) and Hernandez et al. (2009) b analyzed the online behavior from the perspective of innovation adoption and accepting technology by identifying the consumer acceptance of innovativeness and frequency of shopping online. Lin and Wang (2008) think on the decision making process arguing that consumers depend on their experience with repeat shopping. Broekhuizen and Huizingh (2009) agreed adding experience will lead to a strong relationship between different variables (such as saving time/effort, enjoyment and price attractiveness) and innovation to purchase. The research of Monsuwe et al. (2004) and Liao and Shi (2009) explored situational factors, trait attributes, individual factors and website quality and impact on position and design of consumer purchasing online.This review will therefore cover wide-ranging theories considering the features and ben efits of legion(predicate) cases proposed by such authors study online consumer behavior.2.2 Technology readiness and Self-Services Technologies trance customer innovation adoption behavior and diffusion of innovations have been investigated for decades, recent use up has turned toward Self-Service Technologies (SSTs). SSTs involves spick-and-span service access provided via new take to meet customer train in an effective and efficient way. some technological innovations face exemption from customers, due to a lack of experience and uncertainty. Therefore research involves varied measurements such as innovation characteristics, service quality, individual differences, ease of use and usefulness. Liljander et al. (2006) agreed personal traits suggest influence on customer adoption of SSTs. A study by Parasurman (2000), presented the attitudinal measurement Technology Readiness (TR), peoples appetency to embrace and use new technologies for accomplishing goals in home life and at work stating TR is considered a factor influencing SSTs. The same author explained an individuals positive or negative feeling toward technology is dominant identifying TR consists of multi-measurements of danger, Discomfort, Innovativeness and Optimism. The latter, Optimism refers to the positive view of technology and beliefs of mark that enable users to increase convenience, force and flexibility, while, Innovativeness is peoples tendency to open up to technology. Discomfort is an individuals comprehend lack of control of technology and has a strong negative influence on SSTs. Insecurity refers to lack of trust in technology and its ability to work effectively. Notably, optimism and innovativeness are considered highly TR individual contributors, with temper and flexibility considered to have high level inhibitor attributes decreasing TR. Liljander et al. (2006) proved in their research a positive effect of TR on customers attitude towards using SSTs and their website evaluation, finding technology linked with convenience, exemption and control as indispensable when building positive attitudes towards using SSTs.2.3 victor theories of consumer online behaviorHaving reviewed numerous forms of literature no singular constant model has been determine for innovation diffusion and adoption. Innovation technology depends on the nature of adoption influenced by social possibleness or characteristics of innovation such as the Technology Acceptance Model (tam-o-shanter) devised by Davis et al. (1989).Therefore diffusion possible action and other factors have been astray used to guide consumer behavior research. surmisal of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) are dominant theories examining consumers online purchase end and behavior. tammy is considered an initial model for technology usage development, as it is customized to understand the adoption of computer-based technology in the workplace and is used in many studies. co nversely other researchers criticized TAM, because it explores simply the technology side. TRA has evolved from TAM, find individual attitude toward and behavioural innovation to use this new technology. TPB is considered another(prenominal) update from TRA. Theory of Planned Behavior identifies the behavioral aspiration of purchase online influence with its attitude to technology. Rogers (1983) created a Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOI) that illustrates adoption of innovation dominant over time in social systems. This theory depends on critical fixingss, the time of adoption and characteristics of innovation.2.3.1 Technology acceptance modelBy using Theory of Reasoned Action as a theoretical base Davis et al. (1989) created a Technology Acceptance Model. TAM is determine a viable double for examining consumer adoption for the new technology and information technology. The genuine TAM unconquerable the actual use of technology, attitude toward using this technology conn ected with beliefs to regulate behavioral intention to use new technology as explained by Liu (2004) and illustrated in 2.1. TAM focused on beliefs about the usefulness and ease of use to be a main role in technology adoption behavior. Perceived Usefulness (PU) refers to the full stop of potential individual acquaintance that use of new technology will enhance improving process Davis et al. (1989). Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) is identified as an individual cognition of using technology not requiring unneeded effort. Perceived Enjoyment was added ulterior by Davis et al. (1992) and considered essential need in adoption of new technology, the extent to which the activity of using computer is comprehend to be sweet in its own right, apart from any proceeding consequences that may be judge. In TAM, behavioral intention to new technology usage was decided by a persons attitude toward using this technology. In addition TAM evolved with an updated version proposed in 2000 by Venkatesh and Davis called TAM2. This new model was influenced by personal norms, image and output quality.Having examined PU, PEOU and enjoyment in different shopping experiences, Lee et al. (2006) and Bridges and Florsheim (2008) found that quest voluptuary benefit depends on perceive enjoyment through online experience. Hedonic elements may encourage internet use, but not necessarily online buying. Furthermore, an individual consumer may be oriented to seek experiential value through enjoyable browsing or shopping online or for their own fun experience. seek utilitarian benefits also relies on perceived ease of use and satisfactory outcomes, in addition to influencing the purchase directly. Utilitarian orientation outlined by Bellenger and Korgaonker (1980), Babin et al. (1994) and To et al. (2007) observes orientation or motivation seeking instrumental value to derogate time and effort shopping and cost saving or seeking convenience. Acquired benefit depends on whether the agency of shopping is completed or not. The e-retailers focus providing utilitarian benefits more than sybaritic benefits will increase or be completed efficiently during the process of online buying and future intention.2.3.2 online shopping acceptance modelZhou et al. (2007) proposed an protraction model of TAM called Online Shopping Acceptance Model (OSAM). This model considers a general view of online purchasing acceptance from the consumers perspective. These authors also pointed out that in spite of TAM Davis et al. (1989) being loosely used to examine online purchasing environment, it does not analyze specific online shopping characteristics. Therefore OSAM integrated consumer factors in traditional markets and theories may be added to TAM factors to re-examine the issue in the context of online shopping as showed in 2.2. Moreover, OSAM have been developed to anticipate and explore consumer acceptance e-purchasing by incorporating the beliefs, intention, and attitude be havior relationship into the perspective of perceived usefulness which was replaced by perceived outcomes to cover potential benefits and e-shopping risks. Shopping orientation and motivation have been added from traditional market factors considered heralds of online purchasing intention and online experience as factors that construct during piloting of e-shopping sites. Also, satisfaction as mediators between behavior and intention has been added. OSAM considers a strong counteror of continue intention to purchasing more than perceived usefulness. Furthermore, this model includes consumer demographics and normative beliefs with their influence on e-purchasing intention. Exploring the development of TAM by introducing OSAM will enhance our understanding of different factors that affect consumer behavior intention.2.3.3 Theory of reasoned actionFishbein and Ajzen (1975) formulated a Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), which illustrates behaviors evince by individual intention to a ctualize a behavior from psychological social factors and aims to examine measurements of that behavior. found on Marshall et al. (2009) and Lee and leafy vegetable (2009), they pointed out correlations between beliefs, personal norms and attitude affects on formation of behavioral individual intention. This intention is influenced by indwelling norms referring to the individuals perception with outside influences to complete (or not) a specific behavior to purchase as illustrated in 2.3. While attitude refers to an individual attitude behavior, negative or positive, toward adoption of innovation and brand overall which creates their beliefs about the consequences of adopting and the brands attributes (Jobber, 2004). Beliefs are defined by the persons inseparable probability that performing a particular behavior will recrudesce specific results. Four types of belief attitude towards to e-shopping were identified by Vijayasarathy (2002) shopping experience, product perception, customer services and customer risk. This model therefore suggests that external stimuli influence attitudes by modifying the structure of the persons beliefs (Ajzan and Fishbein, 1980 and Ajzen, 1991).Further, TRA provides a strong theoretical introduction for studying motivation related decision-making. Using this theory is expected to enhance our understanding toward attitudes and behavioral intention of online shoppers.2.3.4 Theory of planned behaviorThe Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can be appraised as an extension of TRA check to Ajzen (1985) used to predict buying behavior based on Bagozzi and Kimmel (1995) and De Cannire et al. (2009). A central element of this theory is the individual intention to perform a given behavior as shown in 2.4. Ajzen (1991) identified intention as how individuals are spontaneous to try and how much effort they are planning to exert, in order to perform the behavior. The same author and Chen and Corkindale (2008) state this theory includes an additive element which is an individual perceived behavioral control (PBC). Compeau and Higgins (1995) cited by Dennis et al. (2009) defined it as a judgment of ones ability to use a computer. PBC is congruous with Banduras (1977, 1982) concept of perceived self-efficacy which is concerned with judgments of how well an individual can guide courses of action required to deal with likely situations. In PBC attitude and subjective norms factors can predict intention and behavior.According to TPB, PBC together with intention can be used directly to predict behavioral achievement. This model proposes the intention impact and mediates among these factors 1) intentions are the immediate antecedent of behavior, 2) fully mediate on impact of attitude towards behavior and 3) intentions partially mediate the impact of perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1985, 1991 Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975) as illustrated in 2.4. Furthermore, Ajzen stated that the relative splendour of predictors in th e TPB would be different among behaviors and situations. On the other hand, TPB components can be used according to De Cannire et al. (2009) to form the experience after purchasing.2.3.5 Decomposed Theory of planned behaviorIn 1995, Taylor and Todd demo that better comprehension of the relationship between beliefs and antecedent of intention need to be combined as attitudinal beliefs as DTPB as shown in 2.5. They argued that DTPB is a strong model, more ripe and purer than the TRA and the TPB model. It was identified that, due to diffusion innovation theory, attitudinal beliefs contained three characteristics of an innovation that affect the adoptAnalysis of E-commerce in KuwaitAnalysis of E-commerce in KuwaitChapter one Introduction1.1 IntroductionThis chapter provides general background information regarding online purchasing behavior with an insight into the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce in general and then specifically in Kuwait. The history of online shopping and internet retailers is presented to better understand e-purchasing behavior alongside a description of general theories of consumer online purchaser behavior and online shopping in Kuwait. The problem definition, research questions and methodology and limitations of the study are then presented, concluding with an outline of the thesis structure.With advances in technology, specifically in the field of electronics and telecommunications, direct business and commerce with new retail approaches have emerged in recent decades to transform the business world. Due to the increase in the number of internet users and developing network technology, new forms of trade have grown from these advances particularly in Electronic Commerce (EC) a term introduced by Kalakota and Whinston in 1997. Electronic commerce has become one of the primary characteristics of the internet era and a significant method of doing business. According to Jelassi and Enders (2005) EC includes e-trading of digital and physical goods all trading steps online marketing, online ordering, e-payment and distribution. Kalakota and Whinston (1997) pointed out that EC has two forms business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B). According to Molla and Licker (2001) B2C retailers offer their products and services to their customers. In the last decade, Khalifa and Liu (2003) stated that we have witnessed a substantial growth of internet based on services, both from traditional companies and pure internet business that are developing online services.Despite unmingled growth there are no reliable statistics concerning E-commerce in Kuwait. However there are indications that the volume of e-commerce in Kuwait is growing slowly as discussed by Al-Sabah (2009) Kuwait Financial Forum, the Central Bank Governor stating We expect growth but so far we have not found a proper to be estimated for 2010, it depends on so many variables. In research shown in Economist Information in 2006 involving over 100 countries regarding availability of e-commerce, Kuwait came 50th. As the business world recognised the advantages of such socioeconomic changes, Kuwait began to take note of the advantages of electronic trading and commerce including the set up and development of measurements of electronic trading facilities and venues across the country (Al-Shati, 2009). As e-commerce is newly introduced in Kuwait, in order for Kuwaiti firms to reach world standards there needs to be research in different contexts of e-commerce such as online retailing to utilize opportunities and avoid risk. As observed by Lin (2003)the key to success in e-commerce depends on knowing customers and studying a customers viewpoint. The internet has singlehandedly created a concept shift away from more traditional methods of shopping. Studies by Joines et al. (2003) indicate the number of internet users is constantly increasing which signifies online purchasing is also increasing. Oppenheim and Ward (2006) agreed wit h Joines et al. (2003) explaining rapid increase was due to the growth of use of broadband technology combined with a change in consumer behaviour. Hollensen (2004) added that the internet has developed into a new distribution channel and evolution of this channel and e-commerce. Constantinides (2004) pointed out that in the influence of the consumer the first step was to identify certain impact aspects when purchasing online regarded as dimensions.Numerous and varied studies have been conducted worldwide to identify the advantages and disadvantages of e-shopping. Bridges and Florsheim (2008) argue that online shopping has advantages for both consumers and retailers. From a consumers point of view they found e-shopping allows a lower price, different alternatives of products/services, and customized products. Additionally they established retailers benefited from online shopping as it allowed them to reach a maximum number of customers, reduce communication costs and rapid transport ation. However, e-shopping has also been criticized as online shopping may be considered non-trust worthy due to concerns of security of privacy (personal and financial information), lack of examination of the products, lack of human interaction and a concern the quality of the products will not reach customer expectation. From a retailer perspective the disadvantages of online shopping are providing high quality and creating special services can be very costly for the firm and may not be a good incentive to make consumers purchase (Kim and Forsythe (2009) and Lee et al. (2006).Whether it is a traditional market or online market, Hollensen (2004) pointed out that the retailer should understand the online consumer purchasing behaviour and how individuals make decision and buying choices. Therefore, Kotler and Armstrong (2007) stated that the marketers have developed different theories that can explain why consumers interpret information provided by e-retailer in a certain way, and th ereby understand certain behaviours. Several authors have set out different definitions of consumer behaviour. According to Dr. Perner consumer behaviour is study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. Hollensen (2004) and Constantinides (2004) agreed that consumer online purchasing behaviour is a process of various factors and influences experienced by a consumer before finally purchasing products online.Online consumer behaviour researchers have therefore examined the adoption of technology for e-purchasing in different aspects. There appears to be no constant model of online purchasing adoption and behaviour as it depends on the nature of adoption as influenced by characteristics or social issues Theory of Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Roger (1983). In order to investigate consumer online purchasing behaviour, Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) are considered dominant theories to measure online purchase intention and attitude behaviour, with Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour (DTPB) (Taylor and Todd 1995) the extended TPB. On the other hand, one essential model for development technology usage perspective is the Theory of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Davis et al. (1989), which developed into the Online Shopping Acceptance Model (OSAM) (Zhou et al. (2007).E-commerce researchers have measured different approaches for understanding online consumer behavior. Chen and Corkindale (2008) and Hernandez et al. (2009a) measured factors that influence consumers online purchasing behavior from the perspective of innovation adoption and accepting technology. Moreover, other authors examined trait attributes, situational factors, web site quality, and individual factors and influences on attitude and intention of consumer purchasing onl ine (Monsuwe et al. (2004) Liao and Shi (2009) and Vazquez and Xu (2009)). Chen and Crokindale (2008) agreed attitude and intention have a strong relationship with acceptance of technology and the decision of purchasing online. In addition, innovation characteristics were considered significant factors that influence of technology adoption and purchasing behavior (Rogers, 1983).Therefore in order to understand online purchasing behavior it is important to measure different factors that may influence e-shoppers and determine online shopping based on insight from technology adoption innovation diffusion literature. This study will therefore present the Liu Model (2004) using it to identify factors that influence Kuwaiti consumer purchasing online. It will also measure the relationship between characteristics of internet retailers/consumers and characteristics of innovation, allowing the research to examine the impacts of these characteristics on consumer decision making and then purch asing behavior.1.2 Online purchasing1.2.1 History of Online ShoppingIn the 1990s online shopping emerged as a technological breakthrough and novelty in the business arena. Strengthening year on year in 1994 the first of its kind, an online bank was opened and Pizza Hut offered pizza ordering on their web page. Netscape then presented Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to secure transactions, an essential feature of e-shopping. In 1995 Bezos launched Amazon.com, one of the most successful online businesses worldwide, followed by e-bay an online auction site. By 1997 an estimated 41 million people were shopping online. With advances in technology in 1998, electronic postage stamps were introduced, whereby individuals could download and print stamps after paying a fee. In 1999, with the first online shop in the UK, The Virtual Mall was also launched, considered the first UK graphical internet shopping mall. The online shopping market developed rapidly from this point as the consumer gained in confidence and knowledge.In 1991, Kuwait University connected all university campuses together with the internet using International Business Machine (IBM) then known as BITNET with the help of Ministry of Communication (MOC) university campuses together. This network was limited to e-mail and other minor services. The National Science Foundation (NSF) agreed to expand the internet services to Kuwait in 1992 (Hussain, 2003).1.2.2 Kuwaiti Consumer Attitudes Towards Online ShoppingOnline shopping is a relatively recent phenomenon that has gradually expanded worldwide reaching Kuwait. Compared to traditional stores, e-shopping is far from the target customer in efficacy and provides significant advantages in time saving and low costs. Although developing online shopping in Kuwait advances slowly, it is establishing a solid base as it incorporates a certain lifestyle, is a convenient option and its adventurous nature is attractive to Kuwaiti youths. With these factors increasingly domin ant in daily routine, purchasing online has become a natural option in countries such as the USA and economic areas of the EU and the GCC ( Maarafy et al. 2007). Common products selling in Kuwait online are from the USA, the UAE and Asia. According to Forrester research (2008), Global e-commerce outlay in 2000 was 132 $ billion, and expected to spend more than 1 trillion by 2012.In GCC capitals, the usage of online shopping behavior is different in the USA compared with and European and Asia Pacific cities. In Kuwait the online shopping concept is relatively in its early stages, however the adoption of online purchasing is expected to grow continually in coming years. With a high level of penetration in neighboring countries online such as Saudi Arabia and UAE, Kuwait will not be far from this diffusion of web shopping. Among the GCC, Kuwait lies 3rd with 10.7% in terms of e-commerce penetration, against 25.1% UAE and 14.3% in Saudi Arabia (Field, (2008)).According to recent worldw ide research, as shown in Table 1.1, Kuwaits internet user growth has jumped from 5.8% of the population in 2000 to over 34% in 2008 and five times more users in the same time period and with further growth expected.Table1.1 Growth Internet Users in KuwaitYearUserspopulation% population2000150,0002,424,4225.8%2003567,0002,530,01222.4.%2005600,0002,630,77522.8%2008900,0002,596,79934.7%2009 (estimated)Above 900,0002,692,52633.4%Source world wide statistics.comAccording to Al-Bahar (2009), Kuwait Consumer Adaptors online shopping distinguishes between local and international websites when purchasing online for many reasons. Kuwaiti consumer purchasing online and local websites are still in their infancy and under development. Thus, consumers are oriented to external websites they have established reputations, are trustworthy and provide an assurance of quality of their products. Express delivery firms such as Aramex and DHL compete to provide their services for delivery products in eff icacy and effectiveness to encourage customers to e-purchase (Al-Abdullah, 2009).However, according to Al-Awan, (2008) e-shopping in the Kuwait market is still in its development stage through lack of organization. In order to enlighten and educate consumers, huge effort needs to be made with responsibility on the retailer to reach their maximum number of potential customers in order to realize value. Recently online businesses have started to establish themselves as limited e-firms providing products and services for Kuwaiti customers.1.3 Problem definitionE-commerce penetrationWith the adoption of Kuwaiti consumer online purchasing low, the penetration of e-commerce in Kuwait remains relatively slow with a lack of studies relating to Kuwaiti e-shopping adoption.Consumer e-purchasing awarenessDue to a lack of consumer awareness of online shopping it has not been used widely in Kuwait.E-retailer strategiesAs online selling is different to offline selling, it is necessary to fully un derstand consumer behavior in order to set up business strategies for the long term. In addition the rapid development of technology related to the internet enhances the shopping experience and encourages potential customers to purchase online. It is therefore critical for e-retailers to identify what factors influence the consumer when e-shopping.1.4 Research objectivesThe overall objective of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of online purchasing behavior in Kuwait and factors affecting their buying decision process. This study is therefore focusing on the following objectivesTo investigate the key factors affecting online purchasing behavior of Kuwaiti consumers.To explore the impact of the decision making process on Kuwaiti consumers purchasing behavior.To determine the relationship between factors influencing purchasing behavior and the decision making process.1.5 Research QuestionsTo fulfill the purpose of this research and reach the stated objectives related to consumer purchase online behavior the following research questions need to be addressedWhat are the main factors influencing Kuwaiti customers online purchasing?How do these factors affect online purchasing behavior?What is the impact of the decision making process on consumer online purchasing behavior?What is the relationship between factors influencing behavior and the decision making process for e-shopping?1.6 Research methodologyThis studys approach is deductive, because it measures factors that affect online shopping to explain Kuwaiti consumer online behavior taken from previous studies in different countries. It is mainly explanatory, developing a deeper understanding of the online purchasing behavior of Kuwaiti consumers while investigating varied opinions related to local e-commerce, alongside which factors affect their purchasing behavior. To a certain extent it is exploratory because of a lack of previous research in the online purchase behavior in Kuwait and Gulf region . The study is also mildly descriptive due to previous research of online market phenomena conducted in different countries and extended to Kuwait.Moreover, this research is quantitative in nature using primary data for the survey questionnaire as the main tool of data collection in order to discuss online Kuwaiti consumer purchase behavior. The questionnaire was randomly distributed either in person or through email. The total sample size 500 was distributed in Kuwaiti firms, ministries, universities and public places with 360 respondents. The data collected from the questionnaire is then used to identify relationships and connections between these variables to achieve the studys objectives.1.7 LimitationsIn the course of this research a number of limitations were identified as followsAs the research examines consumer online shopping behavior without specifying the type of product exchanged whether tangible or intangible, it is limited in its scope.This study is limited to selectio n factors covering aspects of Kuwaiti consumer online purchase behavior disregarding other variables of satisfaction, trust, social aspects and situational factors.As with all research using survey data the sample may not be fully representative of the actual behavior in the population, as it is impossible to directly compare our data with data collected on the State of Kuwait level on online purchasing behavior due to time factors.Investigation focuses on online consumer behavior mainly from the customers perspective rather than the retailers perspective.This study evaluates only the online adoption purchasing behavior without evaluation of service quality offered by distinct websites.With a lack of previous research in this topic in Kuwait and the Gulf region, there is little, if any, comparative literature review or use as a framework.1.8 Thesis structureIn the first chapter an overview of the research area is given, introducing e-commerce in general, then in Kuwait. This is foll owed by a presentation of the country relevance, the problem definition, the research objectives and questions, the research methodology and the limitations of the study. Chapter Two provides a comprehensive review of relevant literature concerning the research to draw an understanding of dominant theories that explain online consumer behavior, followed by factors that influence consumer online purchase with an integrated consumer making decision process. Chapter Three covers the research design and methodology exploring the methodology of the strategy of collecting data and analysis of the survey questionnaire to achieve the objectives. In Chapter Four, data analysis presents the empirical data collected with analysis and a survey discussion of the results. Finally in Chapter Five conclusions drawn from the overall study are summarized with recommendations made for future research in the subject area.Chapter Two Literature Review2.1 IntroductionIn this chapter an overview and exami nation of theories of adoption and online technology acceptance behavior from a global perspective is presented, with a comprehensive review of relevant studies conducted on consumer behavior purchasing online with the decision making process.Interactivity is considered a primary principle for the World Wide Web (WWW) with Lee et al. (2006) arguing that interactivity is the extent to which users can participate in modifying the form and content of a mediated environment in real time. The WWW allows unprecedented access to information and markets which has impacted societies globally with people able to search for information and/or purchase product/service online. Factors influencing consumer online purchasing behavior have been explored between 2004/09. Ha and Stoel (2004), Lee et al. (2006) and Hernandez et al. (2009) b analyzed the online behavior from the perspective of innovation adoption and accepting technology by identifying the consumer acceptance of innovativeness and freq uency of shopping online. Lin and Wang (2008) focused on the decision making process arguing that consumers depend on their experience with repeat shopping. Broekhuizen and Huizingh (2009) agreed adding experience will lead to a strong relationship between different variables (such as saving time/effort, enjoyment and price attractiveness) and intention to purchase. The research of Monsuwe et al. (2004) and Liao and Shi (2009) explored situational factors, trait attributes, individual factors and website quality and impact on attitude and intention of consumer purchasing online.This review will therefore cover wide-ranging theories considering the features and benefits of numerous models proposed by such authors studying online consumer behavior.2.2 Technology readiness and Self-Services TechnologiesWhile customer innovation adoption behavior and diffusion of innovations have been investigated for decades, recent interest has turned toward Self-Service Technologies (SSTs). SSTs invo lves new service access provided via new channels to meet customer demand in an effective and efficient way. Many technological innovations face resistance from customers, due to a lack of experience and uncertainty. Therefore research involves varied measurements such as innovation characteristics, service quality, individual differences, ease of use and usefulness. Liljander et al. (2006) agreed personal traits suggest influence on customer adoption of SSTs. A study by Parasurman (2000), presented the attitudinal measurement Technology Readiness (TR), peoples propensity to embrace and use new technologies for accomplishing goals in home life and at work stating TR is considered a factor influencing SSTs. The same author explained an individuals positive or negative feeling toward technology is dominant identifying TR consists of multi-measurements of Insecurity, Discomfort, Innovativeness and Optimism. The latter, Optimism refers to the positive view of technology and beliefs of c ontrol that enable users to increase convenience, efficiency and flexibility, while, Innovativeness is peoples tendency to open up to technology. Discomfort is an individuals perceived lack of control of technology and has a strong negative influence on SSTs. Insecurity refers to lack of trust in technology and its ability to work effectively. Notably, optimism and innovativeness are considered highly TR individual contributors, with discomfort and flexibility considered to have high level inhibitor attributes decreasing TR. Liljander et al. (2006) proved in their research a positive effect of TR on customers attitude towards using SSTs and their website evaluation, finding technology linked with convenience, freedom and control as vital when building positive attitudes towards using SSTs.2.3 Original theories of consumer online behaviorHaving reviewed numerous forms of literature no singular constant model has been identified for innovation diffusion and adoption. Innovation techno logy depends on the nature of adoption influenced by social theory or characteristics of innovation such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) devised by Davis et al. (1989).Therefore diffusion theory and other factors have been widely used to guide consumer behavior research.Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) are dominant theories examining consumers online purchase intention and behavior. TAM is considered an initial model for technology usage development, as it is customized to understand the adoption of computer-based technology in the workplace and is used in many studies. Conversely other researchers criticized TAM, because it explores simply the technology side. TRA has evolved from TAM, determining individual attitude toward and behavioral intention to use this new technology. TPB is considered another update from TRA. Theory of Planned Behavior identifies the behavioral intention of purchase online influence with its attitude to technolo gy. Rogers (1983) created a Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOI) that illustrates adoption of innovation dominant over time in social systems. This theory depends on critical elements, the time of adoption and characteristics of innovation.2.3.1 Technology acceptance modelBy using Theory of Reasoned Action as a theoretical base Davis et al. (1989) created a Technology Acceptance Model. TAM is identified a viable paradigm for examining consumer adoption for the new technology and information technology. The genuine TAM determined the actual use of technology, attitude toward using this technology connected with beliefs to define behavioral intention to use new technology as explained by Liu (2004) and illustrated in 2.1. TAM focused on beliefs about the usefulness and ease of use to be a main role in technology adoption behavior. Perceived Usefulness (PU) refers to the degree of potential individual perception that use of new technology will enhance improving performance Davis et al. (1989). Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) is identified as an individual perception of using technology not requiring extra effort. Perceived Enjoyment was added later by Davis et al. (1992) and considered essential motivation in adoption of new technology, the extent to which the activity of using computer is perceived to be enjoyable in its own right, apart from any performance consequences that may be anticipated. In TAM, behavioral intention to new technology usage was determined by a persons attitude toward using this technology. In addition TAM evolved with an updated version proposed in 2000 by Venkatesh and Davis called TAM2. This new model was influenced by subjective norms, image and output quality.Having examined PU, PEOU and enjoyment in different shopping experiences, Lee et al. (2006) and Bridges and Florsheim (2008) found that seeking hedonic benefit depends on perceived enjoyment through online experience. Hedonic elements may encourage internet use, but not necessarily online buying. Furthermore, an individual consumer may be oriented to seek experiential value through enjoyable browsing or shopping online or for their own fun experience. Seeking utilitarian benefits also relies on perceived ease of use and satisfactory outcomes, in addition to influencing the purchase directly. Utilitarian orientation defined by Bellenger and Korgaonker (1980), Babin et al. (1994) and To et al. (2007) observes orientation or motivation seeking instrumental value to minimize time and effort shopping and cost saving or seeking convenience. Acquired benefit depends on whether the mission of shopping is completed or not. The e-retailers focus providing utilitarian benefits more than hedonic benefits will increase or be completed efficiently during the process of online buying and future intention.2.3.2 online shopping acceptance modelZhou et al. (2007) proposed an extension model of TAM called Online Shopping Acceptance Model (OSAM). This model considers a general vi ew of online purchasing acceptance from the consumers perspective. These authors also pointed out that in spite of TAM Davis et al. (1989) being broadly used to examine online purchasing environment, it does not analyze specific online shopping characteristics. Therefore OSAM integrated consumer factors in traditional markets and theories may be added to TAM factors to re-examine the issue in the context of online shopping as showed in 2.2. Moreover, OSAM have been developed to predict and explore consumer acceptance e-purchasing by incorporating the beliefs, intention, and attitude behavior relationship into the perspective of perceived usefulness which was replaced by perceived outcomes to cover potential benefits and e-shopping risks. Shopping orientation and motivation have been added from traditional market factors considered antecedents of online purchasing intention and online experience as factors that construct during navigation of e-shopping sites. Also, satisfaction as me diators between behavior and intention has been added. OSAM considers a strong predictor of continue intention to purchasing more than perceived usefulness. Furthermore, this model includes consumer demographics and normative beliefs with their influence on e-purchasing intention. Exploring the development of TAM by introducing OSAM will enhance our understanding of different factors that affect consumer behavior intention.2.3.3 Theory of reasoned actionFishbein and Ajzen (1975) formulated a Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), which illustrates behaviors expressed by individual intention to perform a behavior from psychological social factors and aims to examine measurements of that behavior. Based on Marshall et al. (2009) and Lee and Park (2009), they pointed out correlations between beliefs, subjective norms and attitude affects on formation of behavioral individual intention. This intention is influenced by subjective norms referring to the individuals perception with outside influ ences to perform (or not) a specific behavior to purchase as illustrated in 2.3. While attitude refers to an individual attitude behavior, negative or positive, toward adoption of innovation and brand overall which creates their beliefs about the consequences of adopting and the brands attributes (Jobber, 2004). Beliefs are defined by the persons subjective probability that performing a particular behavior will produce specific results. Four types of belief attitude towards to e-shopping were identified by Vijayasarathy (2002) shopping experience, product perception, customer services and customer risk. This model therefore suggests that external stimuli influence attitudes by modifying the structure of the persons beliefs (Ajzan and Fishbein, 1980 and Ajzen, 1991).Further, TRA provides a strong theoretical basis for studying motivation related decision-making. Using this theory is expected to enhance our understanding toward attitudes and behavioral intention of online shoppers.2.3 .4 Theory of planned behaviorThe Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can be appraised as an extension of TRA according to Ajzen (1985) used to predict buying behavior based on Bagozzi and Kimmel (1995) and De Cannire et al. (2009). A central element of this theory is the individual intention to perform a given behavior as shown in 2.4. Ajzen (1991) identified intention as how individuals are willing to try and how much effort they are planning to exert, in order to perform the behavior. The same author and Chen and Corkindale (2008) state this theory includes an additional element which is an individual perceived behavioral control (PBC). Compeau and Higgins (1995) cited by Dennis et al. (2009) defined it as a judgment of ones ability to use a computer. PBC is compatible with Banduras (1977, 1982) concept of perceived self-efficacy which is concerned with judgments of how well an individual can execute courses of action required to deal with prospective situations. In PBC attitude and subjective norms factors can predict intention and behavior.According to TPB, PBC together with intention can be used directly to predict behavioral achievement. This model proposes the intention impact and mediates among these factors 1) intentions are the immediate antecedent of behavior, 2) fully mediate on impact of attitude towards behavior and 3) intentions partially mediate the impact of perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1985, 1991 Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975) as illustrated in 2.4. Furthermore, Ajzen stated that the relative importance of predictors in the TPB would be different among behaviors and situations. On the other hand, TPB components can be used according to De Cannire et al. (2009) to form the experience after purchasing.2.3.5 Decomposed Theory of planned behaviorIn 1995, Taylor and Todd demonstrated that better comprehension of the relationship between beliefs and antecedent of intention need to be combined as attitudinal beliefs as DTPB as shown in 2.5. They arg ued that DTPB is a strong model, more advanced and purer than the TRA and the TPB model. It was identified that, due to diffusion innovation theory, attitudinal beliefs contained three characteristics of an innovation that affect the adopt

Water Cost Problem in United States: Expansion and Solution

Water Cost Problem in United States refinement and SolutionIntroductionOver the past one decade, in that location has been an vast increase in irrigate usage in United States of America. This is as a result of change magnitude population, as well as in advance(p) development in industries and settlements, among many different reasons. The steady rise of body of pee usage has conversely increase the cost of irrigate in a number of states, which is now being considered as a looming problem. According to up-to-the-minute research, in that respect is an change magnitude outcry from the public domain, regarding the ever-escalating prices of acquiring wet. In love to this, there should be quick solutions into the matter, or else the nation pass on be burden with outrageous costs of pee. Moreover, it must be understood that increased costs of providing wet, protracts to adverse water supply famine, since few great deal back entirely afford it. However, a closer look i nto this situation increases the puzzle on what is the main reason behind water deficits and contamination. (Grimm, et al, 2008)Causes of water shortage and pollutionThere be a number of consumes behind increased water shortage and pollutions however below ar nearly of the most square(a) causes. emergence yield of farming and agriculture industryEnvironmental experts claim that the lack of sustainable agriculture is the biggest challenge or threat to the environment. The increased farming production to counter the inefficient aliment production, consequentially leads to pollution, disforestation and water shortages. It is believed that agricultural industry wastes around 65% or 1450 one million million million liters, of the 2500 trillion liters of water is uses per year. The poor agricultural practice is very prejudicial to the environment where it drains up rivers, lakes, as well as underground water sources. In return it increases soli salinity, hence degrading its qu ality. On the other hand, by washing pesticides and pollutants into rivers, the sources of water get polluted at the end of the day. A lot of fingers subscribe to been pointed towards leaky irrigation systems, which causes water shortages. Other processes which causes water shortage includes the cultivation of thirsty crops pollution by agro-chemicals, and lastly wasteful welkin application methods. However, it must be understood that the waste and pollution of water, is dec crease by poor public awareness of the crisis, misdirected subsidies, and irrational environmental legislation. (Grimm, et al, 2008)Increase in regional heavy industryOver the last decade, there has been an increase in manufacturing and production industries, in non-homogeneous states. This is in line with industrialization vision of America. However, these industries require a lot of water, in outrank to successfully operate. For instance, large volumes of water are required to cool move out huge industri al machines, wash all sorts of raw materials, used as an industrial solvent, among many other uses. The sudden water demand in these industries, has conversely led to water shortage, since there was no enough water reserves to counter such challenges. Consequently, these industries are forced to scramble for the weensy available water, hence increase the costs of water in return. magnification of major cities such as Los AngelesOver the last five decades, the military personnel population America has increased dramatically. This development has been coupled up with urbanizations, where large number exploit virgin regions to build towns and settlements. Unfortunately, urbanization of places has negatively affected water ecosystems, resulting to a great loss of biodiversity. For instance, a lot of people are now living near river basins, which are subjected to water stress. With such scenarios, the concerns somewhat water availability increases, while the use of freshwater carries on at unsustainable amounts. The increase in towns and cities, mean that there is an increase in clothing, shelter, and food which results to additional pressure on existing water sources, through the production of the products. Moreover, business and residential developments in these cities and towns puts a lot of pressure on water ecosystems, which in return does nothing but escalates water shortage levels. (Grimm, et al, 2008)EffectsIncreased water prices in most citiesWhen water becomes meagerly due to the aforementioned causes, the public go away be forced to kindle themselves for tough water prices. For instance, a region like California is experiencing hurt water prices, due to the drought it is approach. (Seager, 2009) Since it will be costly to cater and fetch for more water due to the shortages, prices will conversely hold back to go up to cater for extra expenditures. Consequentially, water usage will decrease with the increase in water prices, hence being a seriou s challenge for America as a nation.Unequal scattering of water resourcesWater shortages can also be intensified by the unequal distribution of available water over time and space. On the other hand, putting more pressure on the certain and expert water make out will lead to the government providing water resources unequally. In this case, water resources will build to be distributed in respect to priorities, in order to ensure water reaches more important sectors than others.Major cities facing problem of adapting more urban residentsUrbanization normally requires increased water supply so that it can cater for residential purposes. However, the ever growing population in cities implies an increased demand for water, which puts an additional pressure on available fresh water. Since it is the responsibility of city authorities, to provide clean, safe and reliable water, it will be very strenuous to meet all these needs. This will imply that the cities will have trouble accommod ating the ever-increasing city population. (Glennon, 2010) electromotive forceity biohazard situation may happen in population condensed demesneThere is a possibility of a large population of people to be affected by biohazards, due to this whole situation. For instance, owing to the increasing urbanization and industrialization processes, most important sources of water, such as wetlands have been destroyed. Destruction of wetlands increases the possibilities of serious biohazards to occur and affect condensed populations. This is because wetlands, which are often know to offer a range of ecosystem services that benefit people, from storms, floods, will have been otherwise destroyed, hence putting lives of many in jeopardy. In addition, water shortages will lead to a serious food shortage, which will lead to increased infant mortality, as well as decreased manners expectancy for population-condensed areas.ConclusionIn many cases, it is always challenging to trammel point the ma in cause of water shortage. Normally, various factors collectively cause this problem. Nonetheless, one fact America is sure of, its economy cannot stand the increasing water shortages. (Glennon, 2010) Subsequently, in order to meet the supply and demand of water, there should be a greater focus on the causes and the solutions of water supply shortages. For instance, the available water resources should be well redistributed in various states. This will ensure that water shortage is cut take in, by some extent, since unequal distribution of water normally leads to this menace. For example, regions which have large water demands should be allocated with, a relatively larger water resources, so that it would tick the whole problem. As for heavy industry, a new technology should be embraced, where it will greatly cut down the usage of water. For example, cooling down of industrial machines can be replaced by use of effective fans and other coolant systems, instead of using excessive water. This will immensely save water, which can be used to do other equally important activities. (Bouwer, 2002) consequently again, the country should also embrace sustainable agricultural practices, which will master the usage of water in America. For example, excessive wastage of water, through leaking irrigation systems, can be corrected by using a more cost-effective and water-conserving systems. Those states that are still planting thirsty plants should transfer these farming practices to other preference places, which will have no effect on the countrys water volume.ReferencesBouwer, H. (2002). Integrated water management for the 21st century problems and solutions.Journal of Irrigation drainpipe Engineering,128(4), 193-202.Glennon, R. J. (2010).Unquenchable Americas water crisis and what to do about it. Island Press.Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities.science,319(5 864), 756-760.Seager, R., Tzanova, A., Nakamura, J. (2009). drouth in the Southern United States causes, variability over the last years, and the potential for future hydroclimate change.Journal of Climate,22(19), 5021-5045.

Development In Social And Cultural Contexts

Development In Social And Cultural Contexts harmonise to socio ethnic theories, youngster organic evolution polariates in different social and ethnical contexts. Culturally- specific beliefs and enforces in each socio heathenish context influence childrens growing in its unique air (Berk, 2009). This essay sets out to examine how Chinese childrens exploitations in pedantic knowledge and genius be impacted by ethnically-specific child elevation in Chinese society. Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory and Vygotskys sociocultural theory atomic number 18 applied to analyse the general practices, the assumptions, the beliefs and the upheld values of child rearing in China.Definitions of refining and SocietyCulture and society whitethorn mean different things to different battalion. For instance, society is outlined as an link with bingles fellows, the system of customs and organization take by a proboscis of individuals, the aggregate of people living together in a more(prenominal) or less ordered community in the Shorter Oxford English dictionary (2002, p.2906, cited in New Zealand Tertiary CollegeNZTC, 2010). In this essay, society refers to the aggregate of people living together. Therefore, the Chinese society means the populations living in China. Culture in this essay refers to the distinctive customs, achievements, products, outlook, etc., of a societyas defined in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (2002, p. 575, cited in NZTC, 2010). By culturally-specific child rearing practices within this essay, it means the consistent and similar child rearing practices adopted by Chinese, such as feeding, toilet instruct, sleeping arrangement, and even off.Academic noesis and Temperament of bashfulnessGenerally speaking, there are three vast domains of child development physical, emotional and social, and cognitive (Berk, 2009). This essay will pore on believeing the influence of culturally-specific child rearing on Chinese children s pedantic learning (cognitive development) and record (emotional and social development).In a study of Hong Kong-Chinese preschool childrens literacy skills, it is advised that 75% of five geezerhood olds can write their name in Chinese correctly more than 50% of four years olds can write appropriately using strokes and stroke patterns (the 2 smallest units in Chinese writings) 75% of three years olds can differentiate draft from writing, and 20% can write appropriately (Chan Louies, 1992, cited in Chan, Juan, Foon, 2008). In global cross-cultural studies of reading, mathematics, and science achievement, children from all the participating Chinese cities, namely Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macao, are rated top performers, way above the international level (Programme for International student Assessment, 2003, 2006, cited in Berk, 2009).Despite relevant high academic achievement, most cross-cultural studies define Chinese children as shy and withdrawn (Chen, Rubin, Li, 1995, Chen e t al., 1998, cited in Berk, 2009). In a cross-cultural study of Chinese and Canadian two years olds, Chinese toddlers were found significantly more inhibited than Canadian ones (Chen et al., 1998, cited in Papalia, Olds, Feldman, 2004).Child rearing practices in the Ecological Systems harmonise to Bronfenbrenner, the milieu influencing child development can be classified into five different layers from the innermost to the outermost levels microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and the chronosystem. The microsystem refers to childrens immediate environment, such as home and archean childhood centre .The mesosystem is the interaction between the microsystems. Other social settings outback(a) the immediate environment that affect childrens development make up the exosystem. The macrosystem includes cultural values, laws, customs, and resources. Chronosystem means the whole environment system is an invariably-changing system. Any miscellaneas in life events imposed by o thers or by the children as they build up up can modify the systems (Berk, 2009). The child rearing practices in the various(prenominal) systems that contribute to childrens development of relevant high academic performance and personality of shyness are analysed as below.At home (microsystem), the childcare is in general carried out by mothers. Chinese mothers are found to indulge their infants and toddlers in terms of feeding, sleeping (Roopnariane Carter, 1992, cited in Yunus, 2005). They always keep their children close to them and opt physical contact over verbal stimulation. The mothers start toilet training the babies when they are six months and most of they are winnerfully trained by one and half years old (Whiting Whiting, 1975, Sung, 1995, Lee, 1999, cited in Yunus, 2005). It is suggested by Kelly and Tseng (2000, cited in Yunus, 2005) that the over-indulgence and early rigid toilet training are positively link to Chinese childrens slow physical and motor developm ent. The fathers role is to discipline children. The discipline is taught by induction explicit statement of what exactly the child is judge to do and why. If the child doesnt do as told, some parents might indemnify to shaming the misbehaved child, retrieving their love or even physical punishment (Jose, Huntsinger, Huntsinger, Liaw, 2000, Schwalb, Nakazawa, Yamamoto, Hyun, 2004, cited in Berk, 2009).The parenting title is less warm and more controlling (Dehart, Sroufe, Cooper, 2004 Berk, 2009). Yunus(2005) suggests that Chinese parenting is more tyrannical compared to Western parenting. The communication pattern is one way parent to child. At most times, children listen attentively to what parents say. Children are not to openly emit opinions on certain issues (Chiew, 2000, Zhao, 2002, Akhtar, 1998, cited in Yunus, 2005), or to stockpile strong emotions ever since they are babies (Berk, 2009). It is found that parents do little to helper their children release emotions, encourage them to hide the emotions (Chan, Bowes, Wyver, 2009).. Children are taught the emotion-feeling rules and display rules justified with moral reasons (Wang, 2006, cited in Chan et al., 2009). being reared in an authoritarian way and taught the emotion display rules (hiding the emotions), Chinese children are inclined to be shy and withdrawn (Chan et. al., 2009).In terms of parents attitudes towards play, roughly all Chinese parents discourage their children to play at home. They often tell apart their children Dont think of playing all the time. Learning is most important. Believing in the grandness of academic learning, parents begin to teach their children to count and write since they are three in most cases. Therefore, for home activities as well as mother-child interaction, it would be mother teaching the child to write, count, and appropriate social behavior by dint of fable storytelling, especially respecting the elders (Pearson Rao, 2003). A recent survey sho ws that in the lead children attend primary school, 88.6% parents teach their children reading, recognising Chinese qualitys and counting 28.2% parents teach their children contrasted language, and 20.3% parents tutor their children the courses for primary school (Wang, Wang, Chen, 2010). A lot of demonstration, time to practice academic skills, and explicit values of academic skills, facilitate Chinese childrens development in academic knowledge (Chan et al., 2008 Gershoff Aber, 2006, cited in Berk, 2009).Most Chinese parents sling their children to kindergartens when they are three. The children will then spend eight to nine hours cursory in the kindergarten (Liu Elicker, 2005). The interaction between Chinese parents and teachers (mesosystem) is limited (Schwartz, 2003, cited in Yunus, 2005). temporary hookup parents do concern about their childrens learning, they assign the teaching responsibility to teachers, relying on the teachers for childrens learning in the kinder garten (Morrow, 1999, cited in Yunus, 2005). In a survey of parents presentiments of kindergarten teaching, parents express their main aspirations for their children as possessing academic skills and filial piety (88%) (Xinyuan Kindergarten, 2010). Parents highly valuing academic skills urges teachers to put a lot of efforts in academic teaching to date up their expectations.In China the child rearing is shared among the wide family (exosystem), especially grandparents take up a large role in raising the children. The filial piety and the whole system of family are greatly valued among the encompassing family (Yunus, 2005). Children are taught the splendor of respecting the elders and the obligation to contribute to familys celebrate by behaving properly (Zhao, 2002, cited in Yunus, 2005). When children are shy, reticent, quiet, they are considered by the all-embracing family to be well-behaved and having sense of understanding (Hart, Yang, Nelson, Robinson, Olsen, Nelson, Po rter, Jin, Olsen, Wu, 2000). Children are constantly reminded that their firstborn means to fulfil family responsibility and obligation is through education (Yunus, 2005). The expectation of academic achievement and honouring family reputations placed by the blanket(a) family put mash on parents child education and childrens motivation towards high academic performance.In macrosystem, the Chinese families are greatly influenced by Confucian philosophy stressing the importance of academic achievement and social accordance. The following assumptions are deeply root in Chinese child rearing practices children inherently penchant for the correct proper training during early childhood helps to build childrens positive character formal education and high standards of academic achievement is important for childrens development (Yunus, 2005). It is the custom that parents are to provide an environment conducive to academic achievement, plot children are to work hard for high performan ce in academics. Besides, Chinese value the doctrine of mean (Zhong Yong Zhi Dao in Mandarin), not being extreme. Inhibited, sensitive, and socially restrained behaviour are highly valued in the Chinese culture (Ho, 1986, Lao, 1996, Chen, in press, cited in Hart et al., 2000). It is partly because they prioritise the importance of maintaining social order and interpersonal harmony in the society at large in the collectivism society (Hart e al., 2000).The one-child policy in China also affects childrens development to a great extent. Having only one child, a lot of parents do their best to start their childrens education at the possible earliest age to make their children more advantaged within the intensely competitive Chinese educational system (Brassard Chen, 2005). Government also pay off the increased resources to the care and education of children to support the families and to secure the countrys future generations success in the highly competitive economy (Dehart et al., 20 04).In the chronosystem, while shyness is traditionally valued by parents and the society, recent researches indicate a change of peoples attitudes towards childrens shyness. With the rapid growth of the economy, assertiveness and sociability started to be viewed as enviable for success in the society (Chen, Wang, DeSouza, 2006, Yu, 2002, cited in Berk, 2009). It is reasonable to assume, with parents values swift, their way of interacting with children will change accordingly in the future, influencing childrens development in a different way.Figure 1. Chinese child rearing practices contributing to academic learning and shyness in the Ecological Systems.Vygotskys sociocultural theoryAccording to Vygotskys sociocultural theory, each culture provides its own context and different goals for children (Drewery Bird, 2004). Vygotsky proposes that cultural influence children through cultural tools, which refer to the knowledge of cultural practices that help children admit into their cultural context, including language, rituals, ceremonies and social values and beliefs that guide peoples thinking (Crain, 2000, cited in NZTC, 2010). Vygotsky further suggests that the values, beliefs, customs and desirable skills of a culture are communicable to the next generation through social interaction, in particular through scaffolding by adults and more-advanced peers (Rowe Wertsch, 2002, cited in Berk, 2009).In china, the selected goals for children are high academic achievement and maintaining social harmony. There goals are valued by the Confucian philosophy which still deeply influences the Chinese parents (Hart et al., 2000). Parents encourage children to develop these culturally valued skills at an early age of three. Children strive for these desirable skills to fit into the sociocultural context. Social value and belief of early formal education, cultural practices upholding the academics and proper social behaviour of respecting elders and shyness add to the Ch inese cultural tools. All these cultural tools support the daily child rearing practices, educational activities, the routines, the child-adult interactions as analysed in the ecological systems (Crain, 2000, cited in NZTC, 2010). Through interaction with their parents, extended family, children learn, apply and internalize these cultural values and tools of academic learning and temperament of shyness.ConclusionDifferent sociocultural environment places different goals and expectations on children. When the sociocultural context changes over time, certain values and practices might change. Generally speaking, Chinese children are expected to fulfill the goals and expectations of academic achievement and maintaining social harmony placed by their parents, extended family, and society. The values, beliefs upheld by the society affect the parents and extended family, and the extended family and parents influence childrens development in academic learning and temperament through specif ic child rearing practices emphasising these skills.

Muslims And Islam Ecuador

Moslems And Islam Ecuador erudition intimately Moslems and Islam has world-widely been delimited geographic anyy in the meat East. after the 9/11 attacks, the renewed interest active Islam in general exposed the existence of a sizable Moslem race in the Latin the Statess (Hallar). While the migration of Lebanese, Palestinians, and Syrians in the late 1800s depicted for the greater number of Moslems in Latin America now, new converts to Islam besides characterize the Muslim population to daylight. In Ecuador, where the Muslim population is a real small nonage comp ard to the pre governingly romish Catholic group, non much has been written just about them, their history, they mien of carriage, and the diametric challenges they reckon vivacious in adherence to their professed credit. This authorship limns the history and origins of Muslims in Ecuador, their contemporary experiences, contri exclusivelyions, and problems.In 2008, the Ecuadorian constitution know the megadiversity of the biological and economic species in the verdant, protecting it by making ecosystem counterbalances or the rights of nature legally enforceable in the coun supply (Central Intelligence Agency). rigid along the Earths equator, hence the name, Ecuador is home to the famous Galapagos Islands and the al closely biologically assorted ecosystem in the world.Ecuadors megadiversity in addition applies to its population. Estimated at virtually 14,790,608, the country is the 65th largest country in the world in footing of population it is also unmatched of the most ethnically diverse (Central Intelligence Agency). Its majority group, the mestizos, were descendants of the inter union of the Spanish conquistadores and its indigenous slew and follow to a greater extent(prenominal) than 65% of the population. score for a quarter of the Ecuadorian population ar Amerindians the creoles account for 7% and Ecuadorians account for 3%. Religion-wise, Ecuador is home to predominantly Roman Catholic believers which account for 95% of the population, with 4% following Protestantism, 1% Mormons, and a minority of nativists, Jews, and Muslims. The pew Re look to shopping centre (2009) estimates a Muslim population of roughly vitamin D individuals in Ecuador. Today, Ecuadorian Muslims ar try to define their focalize and their indistinguishability in a world that has gr hold more aw ar of their existence. An increase number of Ecuadorians atomic number 18 also discovering a new way of action as they em yoke and convert to Islam.History and origins of Ecuadorian MuslimsThirty to lambert centuries ago, three Ecuadorian Indian gardenings were dominant namely the Chorrera, Machalilla, and Chordeleg. Their religious belief affect worshipping the sun and the chief of the villages were believed to be sent by the Sun graven image. secernate of their unearthly practices is the laissez passering of young women who were virgins as human sacrifices as a gesture of gratitude for the bountiful harvest. These early Ecuadorians believe that the body will conjure up after death and because of this belief, they bury gold, spears, drinks, viands, and more an(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) others that will prepare them in their journey in the after vivification.Years after, the Incas who defeated the southern Ecuadorian tribes just about(a) shared the practices and beliefs as the other Indian tribes. When the Spaniards conquered the Ameri piece of ass continent, the transition to universality was not dramatic. The Catholics merely had to change the Sun God to the statue of the half-naked Son of God nailed to the cross.One king of the Incas by the name of Atahualpa was burned alive because of his heavy rejection towards Christianity. Forced by the Spaniards to denounce his ancient beliefs, the Inca king threw the Bible in protest. His defiance catapulted to his execution for blasphemy. Since this period, Roman uni versality was the official religion in Ecuador.More than 100 years has passed, Protestantism penetrated Ecuador then other religious sects followed- Seventh-day Adventist, present(prenominal) Saints, Angli notwithstandingt ends, Gnostics, Bahais and others. Indian and Far Eastern philosophies realise attracted followers over the prevail twenty to thirty years. The Jewish people in Ecuador had no white-tie leadership until 2001 when a representative from the Jewish community in genus Argentina was appointed as their head.First Muslim SettlersThe very first Muslims who colonized in Ecuador were Arabians from Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon. Their emigration to the Latin continent was because of their search for peace and solitude from the ravages of World War I and II. With Turkish passports in possession issued by the Ottoman conglomerate, these Muslims hold back entered the Ecuadorian soil. Because of this, the first Muslim settlers were cognise passim Ecuador as the T urks. The Turks first colonised in Quito, the capital city and Guayaquil, the lead-in seaport in the Pacific Ocean. just about of these Turks went to the coastal areas in the provinces of Esmeraldas, Los Rios, and Manab. What attracted the Turks very much is the tranquility of the country. The family-oriented culture in Ecuador invite probably reminded the Turks of their experience homes in their look onive countries.The principal economic activity of the first Ecuadorian Muslims was trading. In the beginning, the delivery of Ecuador largely depended on barter trading or the interchanging of goods and products. During the first twenty to thirty years, the Muslims encountered numerous challenges in local anesthetic mess and commerce. The distances they had to walk is very long, follow the post service through the mules back, and try to reach the most accessible community or village to do business. The first Muslims in this South American country were exposed to distinguishab le customs, fashion, and gastronomy. They exchange their goods such as dates or Tamar, rose water or maiy zahar, mashed fried peas or falafel, and laborious sweets like basbusa and baklawa with the local wheat flour or pinol, herb water or agua aromatic, dark cole cane or panela and banana.The Muslim IdentitySince the aim of coming to Ecuador for most of the first Muslim settlers is to seek Dunia, they had a very poor earth about their religion and consequently their individualism as Muslims was overshadowed by the warm and dominant Roman Catholic religion. Very fewer of the early Muslims take a shit settled with their spouses from their native countries while majority married with the locals. The earlier Muslim families in Ecuador were the Jairala, Becdach, Ariz, Shayyeb, Soloh, Dassum, among others. Unfortunately for some of their descendants, some opted to be converted to Christianity as their exactly religious option. Few of the Muslim families would energise their chil dren educated nether an Islam-based curriculum in Muslim countries.By the later role of the 1940s, Muslims and Arab Christians were assort as maven due to their Arabic roots. The first organization of Muslims and Arab Christians is known as Lecla. Issues of their different religious orientation were not discussed. Then by the middle of the 1980s, a tender organization emerged and this is known as the Arab Club. some during this period, there was increased migration of Muslims to Ecuador. Roughly 20 Egyptian men were struggling to reach US shores without con positionring the risks involved. Dishonest travel agencies are using Ecuador as their gateway to the US. Eventually some of them left Ecuador while others choose to continue in the country.A minor migration involving Indian Pakistanis occurred in the early 1990 and majority prepare reached their migratory goals in Canada and the US and they leave no trace or indication of their religious affiliation with Islam. As the 20th cytosine move intos to a taut, Muslim migrants came from countries in West Africa such as Ghana, Nigeria, and Liberia, whose intragroup conflict and civil disruptions have got pushed them in search of the new place to rebuild their lives.The mid 1980s saw the embracing of Islam by the local Ecuadorian populace. Though the word Islam is unheard of, the locals were highly orderd by the piety of the Muslims while studying in the US and European universities. They have come to regard Islam as a religion for all therefore it is universal. by from that they considered the religion a brotherhood which brings people from all walks of life to take a leak harmoniously to attain peace. Islam also offered teachings not found in the Catholic teachings. Despite the fact that these new Muslims enthusiastically propagated their religion in Ecuador, it was a struggle by going against the current. In the mid 90s, the number of Ecuadorian Muslim converts continue to grow. At present, every F riday marks at to the lowest degree a single Shahada. This growing trend came to terms with criticism and rejection every deep down their closest kin. on that point are roughly 500 Muslims living in Ecuador today.A Muslim HeritageMuslims in Ecuador and in Latin America in general derive a unique build of heritage from the regions political history. This heritage dates back to 711 when the Muslim Moors led by Tariq ibn Zayid conquered Spain for 700 years. For seven centuries of Muslim rule, Spain became influenced by Muslim music, literature, and architecture. Religious tolerance as preached by Islam allowed the mutual existence of dissimilar religious denominations such as Judaism and Christianity. Unlike other conquerors, the Moors preached Islam but did not impose rebirth to their religion. When the Muslim conquest ended by 1492, all Muslims were squeeze back into Christianity with the affright of exile or execution. During the heydays of the Spanish inquisition, the conqu istadores started to ship off Muslim slaves to the naked as a jaybird World and Africa and these Muslim eventually landed in Latin America. The forced migration of Muslim slaves as well as the migration of Muslim Arabs of the Ottoman Empire started the disruption of Islam into the continent. galore(postnominal) Muslims in Latin America believe that Moslem conversion enables them to reclaim their true heritage. Muslim scholars assert that European influence came much later than African/Islamic influence. Evidence of this is in the Spanish vocabulary itself, literature, philosophy, and music. Latino culture then derives a large part from the contributions of the first Muslim settlers shipped off from the Iberian Peninsula. As Islam spread quickly, it became a profound influence on the Latino way of life (Vendan and Pervost 28).This statement is contentious however because historical books and documents do not mention the contributions of Islamic heritage in Latino culture save f or a few aspects. The educational system also does not teach about Islamic values and its impact on present Latino American culture. whatever of the great contributions of Islam to cities in Latin American include the magnificent Islamic architecture that has built the cities of South America. Brazils old churches are designed with Arabic calligraphy carved by Muslim slaves brought to the continent from the Iberian Peninsula. Islamic art is also prominent in many Central American churches. galore(postnominal) churches all over South American also rig mosque arches and domes, typically Islamic architectural sprints. In Quito, Ecuador, Islamic art can be found in the Andalusian Spanish architectural style copied from Islamic architecture. Andalusian Islamic architecture is also visible in Quitos downtown area (Suquillo, Islamic Values in Latin American Culture).Major and minor traces of the influence of Muslims in Ecuador occurred as a solving of Muslim migration into the country . Aside from art, language, and architecture, Islamic values such as sullen work, industry, affinity for trading as well as Arabic food form a great contribution to the diverse and beautiful culture in Latin America today (Vendan and Pervost 33).Aside from sentimenting conversion to Islam as a historical necessity, the jr. generation of Latinos is attracted to Islam because of their disenchantment with Catholicism. Many Latino Muslims view Catholicism as an elitist religion which has historically disenfranchise many of the continents poor and indigenous populations. Many also view Catholicism as having been detrimental to the rights of indigenous ancestors. Among native Latinos who convert to Islam, there is a prevalent view that Catholicism has only served the poor in system but not in practice. Today, Catholicism has not played a major role in improving the plight of the disadvantaged and have not defended their rights adequately as a church should. Instead of the elitist Roma n Catholic Church, many view Islam as the true religion of the oppressed.This view seems to explain wherefore Islam supplicants to minority groups in Latin America and elsewhere. nearly of the Islamic conversions live to marginalized groups and those who are struggling for equality. Many activists and progressive thinkers have also found a more effective ally in Islam as the leger does not only delve in religious issues but in political issues as well. In choosing Islam, some became became unspoilt young men seeking to elevate ourselves within our society. We got this from Islam (qtd. in Viscidi). most Muslim scholars hypothesize the Islams strong position on unity and racial equality is an appealing excogitation to minority and disadvantaged groups (Vendan and Pervost 34). This also explains why more and more African Americans in the U.S. have converted to Islam in the past decades. To many who decide to convert to Islam, it is a universal faith where people of all walks of life pray together. Religion unifies culture and enhances it (qtd. in Sanchez and Juan 33).Ecuadorian converts have also cited how Islam provides both material and spiritual fight for its faithful. For instance, the track record of Muslim religious organizations indicates that it caters not only to the necessitate of Muslims but non-Muslims as well. Elsewhere in the world, Muslim organizations provide public assistance services, education programs, clothing drives, training for women, and anti-poverty measures to ease the flight of the disadvantaged.However kind Islam may be to many, Latino Muslims experience a conflict of individuality because Catholicism has been so deeply ingrained in their culture. Some who are thinking of converting may feel that their conversion to Islam may be construed as being traitors to their Catholic heritage. Moreover, converts also face the difficulty of being sure into the mainstream community. Being part of the other has a strong possibility of get converts alienated or even disowned by their families or peers (Cook 4). Despite their many activities and their charge, Muslim organizations still find that many people have no knowledge or are ignorant about Islam. This is why Muslim religious organizations are striving to get people to know more about Islam and dispel wrong fancys and biases about Muslims and Islamic doctrine (Suquillo, Islam in Ecuador).Muslim Religious OrganizationsThe wave of migration to the Americas marked the influx of Lebanese and Palestinian immigrants to Ecuador in the 1800s. While majority of them were of Arab ancestry and remnants of the Ottoman Empire, some of them were Christians and some of them became assimilated into their new country as Christians. Nonetheless(prenominal), some of them also remained Muslims. Historical records extract that the earliest Lebanese immigrants came to Ecuador in 1850. They carried with them Islamic values, traditions, and culture an aspect that oblige life difficult for them initially. Majority of the Lebanese Muslims which migrated first were male and settled first at the countrys capital, Guayaquil. The women came later. Like most migrants, they found it difficult to set to the host country they faced favouritism but were determined to make a prosperous life in Ecuador. almost of them became entrepreneurs and owned stores. Soon, some of the most important political players in Ecuador were of Arab ancestry from Assad Bucaram Elmhalim in 1916, to Guayaquils mayor in 1996 Jamil Mahuad Witt, and former Vice President Alberto Dahik Garzozi (Roberts 13). While many Middle Eastern migrants became assimilated into the Catholic way of life, a few of them remained adherents of Islam and strived to build their own community and follow their own traditions while respecting the dominant culture.Muslims in Ecuador belong to a hateful-knit community of worshippers. During the middle of the 1900s, native Ecuadorians became converts of Islam and chose to live close to the Arab community. In order to perform invocations, they first rented a small flatbed which later became a private apartment provided by the Egyptian Embassy. The Ecuadorian constitution requires all religious organizations to register in order to arrange freedom of religion.In Ecuador, the first and largest religious organization officially registered with the administration is the Centro Islmico del Ecuador. Founded in 1994, the spunk receives Muslims and non-Muslims alike and is a hub not only for religious purposes but also for socio-cultural and educational activities supposed by the teachings of Sunni Islam. Unlike many masjids, the Center is an independent entity that is built without any foreign financial support.The Center also serves to help to develop a genuine Muslim Ecuadorian personal identity guided and inspired by values of Islam (Suquillo, Islam in Ecuador). In its early years, the masjid occupied only the first floor of the Center. So on, it was transferred to a residential area in order to make the masjid more convenient for residents.The Center serves as a gathering place of Ecuadorian Muslims and a venue from which non-Muslims could learn more about Islam and the Islamic way of life. Through the Center, misconceptions about Islam are resolved so that a represent out downstairsstanding of Islam is presented to non-Muslims. For Muslims, the Center educates young and old Muslims about the Holy Quran and the Arabic language. Moreover, it specially caters to women who comprise many of Muslim converts through lectures and a well-stocked library that offers books written in Spanish, English, and French.Part of the responsibility of the Islamic Center is the translation and publication of Spanish literature which tackle on various topics on Islam. The center has also translated five books to Spanish What the Bible says about Muhammad?, Understanding Muslims and Islam, Tawheed, Muslim Christian Dialogue and The trut h about Jesus. Spanish pamphlets were also published and they are entitled Islam at glance, Mount Arafat Sermon, Do you know that (the Pope at the time of our Prophet Muhammad SAAWS, embraced Islam?), General aspects about fasting in Ramadan, Misconceptions about Jihad, Danger in dancing, Is Jesus genuinely God?, You should know about this great man (Prophet Muhammad SAAWS), Who invented the trinity?, What is Islam?, Islamic Fundamentalism?, What Islam is not about, Muhammad in the Bible, Fire in your stomachs (about alcohol), and According to the Bible, Jews have no right on Palestinian land (Suquillo, Islam in Ecuador). in that respect are two other Muslim religious organizations in Ecuador the Centro Islmico Al Hijra and the Fundacion Islamica ethnic Khalid Ibn Al Walid. The Centro Islmico Al Hijra is also fit(p) in Guayaquil while the Fundacion is located in Quito, Ecuador (Islamic Finder).Worship in the MasjidPrayer is central to Ecuadorian Muslims. Worship in the masjid is the same for Ecuadorian Muslims as with all other Muslims anywhere in the world. It is mandatory to remove shoes or slippers when entering a mosque a practice that reflects respect for the house of prayer and its worshippers. The prayer halls in the masjid contain no benches or chairs, only carpets which are aligned to face Mecca, Islams sanctified city.Ecuadorian Muslims go to the masjid in order to perform salat, one of the five pillars of the Islamic faith. Prayers are organized five times a day. The masjid in Ecuador is spread one hour forrader the obligatory Fard prayers. However, the faithful can offer five prayers all throughout the day from their home Fajr (before sunrise), Dhuhr (afternoon), Asr (midday), Maghrib (after sunset) and Ishaa (after dusk) (Islamic Finder). Ecuadorian Muslims can find out the proper prayer times throughout the day from the announcements posted near the masjid and even online (Islamic Finder). The Islamic weekly holy place day is Friday.Praye rs inside the masjid are performed by men but not for women. This tradition has been sometimes criticized as discriminatory for women. However, Muslim scholars have cited that the rationale behind this prohibition is to uphold the rules regarding the interaction of men and women as written in the Quran. Women can worship in the masjid from divulge chambers where they can see the imam or the prayer leader. Most Ecuadorian Muslim women also prefer to pray from their homes.Before imposing prayers, all are compulsory to perform a ritual of alter called wudu where the ears, face, arms, hands, and feet are washed. The masjid has washrooms for men and women for this purpose. Worshippers step into the prayer hall with the right foot and say in Arabic Oh Allah, open the door of grace for me (Asani). Two cycles of prayer are then performed, followed by a military greeting (tahiyatul-majid) and the sequence of standing-kneeling-prostration.Reasons for Conversion to IslamMuslims in Ecuado r have a unique experience as they practice their faith. Belonging to a community of faithful comprising less than 1 percent of the population, it is not unusual that many Ecuadorians are not aware that there are Muslims at all. Hence, educating non-Muslims about the tradition and practices of Muslim Ecuadorians is a challenge. However, the number of annual converts to Islam in Ecuador has surprisingly increased and the Muslim community is undergoing changes as a consequence.Yahya Juan Suquillo, Ecuadors imam or religious leader, states that the notion that Islam attracts few converts is untrue. In fact, the conversion rate among Christians is going at an accelerate pace. Suquillo, who was named one of the 500 most influential Muslim leaders of 2009, believes that Islams appeal in Ecuador as well as in Latin America comes at a time when the whole continent is in search of its own identity (The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre 24). The social problems that beset the continent h ave made its people look for spiritual change and Islam has a unique brand of spirituality that appeals to most people. Latin America is fertile ground for Islamic dawah and the transition from Christianity to Islam is not so difficult since Islamic influence is already inherent in Latino culture. However, Muslim religious organizations have fallen short in identifying the strong potential Latinos to accept Islam despite the predominance of Catholicism (Suquillo, Islam in Ecuador).Ecuadorian Muslims are also in search of their Islamic identity which they found at home and abroad. Some Ecuadorian Muslims are economically well-off and can send their children abroad to study Arabic and Islamic Studies. Some who have gone on to study in capital of Egypt were descendants of the original Muslim settlers in Ecuador My grandfather on my mothers side helped bring Islam to Ecuador, I belong to that family and it makes me proud (Delgado qtd. in Makary).One of the biggest challenges for the E cuadorian Muslim population is how to integrate their increasing number of indigenous converts into the Muslim ummah. There are many aspects about Islam that attracted converts in Ecuador. Some have cited that the modesty and religiosity of Islam is what they prise most in the religion. Others have also cited the consistency of Islamic doctrine as opposed to Catholicism. Others have also cited the influence of a Muslim friend or colleague they admired (Rich). Some find that the record of Islamic communities in maintaining order and cleaning up neighborhoods of crime and poverty was the most admirable thing about the religion. Converts who have been exposed to crime, drugs, and prostitution find sincerity in the Islamic community to help them reform. There is also an attraction in what Islam offers the top to traditional values (Sesin). Like many Latino converts to Islam, Ecuadorian Muslim converts also believe that Islam offers a new kind of spirituality than what they have been a ccustomed to. Others cited the that Islam offered a fixedly monotheistic view compared to Catholicism which teaches the concept of the Trinity as well as belief in the perfect(a) Mary and Catholic saints. It also is surprising that instead of viewing Islam as repressive against women, female converts state that Islam provides a view of women with dignity and respect something that is not highlighted in other religions (Sanchez and Juan 26).Islamic doctrine is also one of the main attractions of the religion not only in Ecuador but in Latin America in general. Islamic principles are consistent with the tight and devout family values which characterize Latin American households. According an Ecuadorian MuslimThere are cultural similarities and family values inherent to Latinos and Muslims. Typically, Hispanic households are tight knit and devout, and children are reared in a strict environment traits that mirror Muslim households (Guadalupe qtd. in Pick Islam)Moreover, in terms o f doctrine, Islam resolves some of the issues that most people have with Catholicism. Islams absence of a portentous hierarchy makes everyone equal in the presence of God. The definition of God in Islam is also less ambivalent, as there is only Allah unlike the Catholic Church which promotes the worship of Saints, and the Virgin Mary. In Islam, many feel that Everyone who prays before God is equal (qtd. in Viscidi).Other family-related values and close family relationship ties are integral to Muslim communities the same is true for Hispanic communities. There are some(prenominal) Islamic norms which mirror those highly valued by Hispanics such as respect for the elderly, child rearing, and the value/role of marriage (Sanchez and Juan 32). To many converts, Islam has helped them live a life of moderation and appreciation for family and maternalism (Pick Islam). Islam has also provided converts with a belief system that spoke of kindness, respect, and love for family. Some convert s expressed that because Islamic principles consider moderation rather than competition or ambition as the norm, its believers were more grounded and in touch with real life than religions that value individualism (qtd. in Hallar).Challenges faced by Ecuadorian MuslimsConverting to Islam poses several challenges. First, because Islam is a way of life and not merely a religion, converts brace with the difficulty of adjusting their once decadent lifestyle to suit the tenets of modesty and economy in Islam. Young converts expressed not being ready to give up parties as a great challenge for them (qtd. in Rich). For most women converts, the stereotypes that are often attached to Islam and Muslims became a great hindrance for them as they strived to be accepted by the Catholic families. Native Ecuadorian Muslims comprise more than half of the population of Muslims in Ecuador. Their understanding of the religion is behave hat reflected in their manner of dressing. Almost all of the fema les don the hijab and long dress daily. A main issue for women converts is the mode of dress. Muslim women are required to wear the appropriate clothing, usually the headscarf or hijab. Many Catholics view vesture the hijab as an oppressive act and do not understand its need. The younger generation of Muslim converts in Ecuador is also looking forward to a more progressive Islam one that is keeping up with the times but does not run contrary to the fundamental teachings of Islam and the values of the Islamic shade itself (Sesin).Integration with a predominantly Catholic population has also subjected a few Muslims in Ecuador to harassment and discrimination. In a UN Commission on mankind Rights Report, Muslim leaders alleged that Ecuadorian Muslims encountered discrimination when they guard for employment, loans, or housing. However, due to the small population of Muslims in Ecuador, discrimination is not societal and does not occur frequently (UN Commission on Human Rights).Aft er 9/11, Muslims in Ecuador have also gone under careful scrutiny by the public and have been associated with terrorism. Concern on terrorist infiltration in Ecuador is low but it is still a bear on that may have a detrimental impact on its Muslim population. The connections of the Lebanese terrorist group Hezbollah is strong in several Latin American countries, and the sizable presence of Lebanese immigrants in Ecuador has made American and Ecuadorian authorities suspicious nevertheless. Islamic proselytism among native Indian populations have been viewed as an act that could allow militant preachers or activists to agitate people into supporting terror acts and groups (UN Commission on Human Rights).As a religious group, Ecuadorian Muslims have also faced challenges that threaten their presence and existence as devout Muslims with a distinct way of life and culture. The following are some of the difficulties that the Ecuadorian Muslim community faces (Hallar)1. There is a lack o f public awareness about the Islamic religion and way of life in general that may account for the discrimination that some experience as a result of their religious affiliation.2. Maintaining a separate Islamic identity is troublesome and difficult for many believers. Many Ecuadorians practice Islam randomly and without a thorough understanding of Islam and its values, traditions, and principles. This is problematic for many converts because they are unable to develop and maintain a new identity as Muslims. Due to this crisis, they retain the traditions of the old religion and absorb the practices of the dominant culture which contradict Islam.3. There is a scarcity of Islamic schools or madrasah and access to teachers who can provide adequate instruction on the Arabic language. Learning Arabic is crucial to the Islamic faith because the holy texts such as Quran and the hadiths are all written in Arabic. Well-off Ecuadorians are able to send their children abroad in Egypt or in Liby a to acquire formal instruction in Islamic Studies and Arabic but those who cannot afford such an education have difficulty learning.4. The lack of financial resources also hamper with the objectives of Muslim religious organizations in create masjids, facilities for schooling, and acquisition of religious texts to further Islamic education among Muslim youth and children.5.There is also a lack of religious preachers who are able to mouth Spanish and literate of the traditions and culture of Ecuador to be able to effectively spread the Dawah. Islamic proselytizing is less effective when preachers are unable to speak the language and to adapt to cultural practices.8. There is also a lack of Islamic secondary schools to help Muslim youth and adolescents develop a substantiality Islamic identity. Educational resources available in mainstream school do not account for the historical contributions of Muslims in the Latin American continent. Misconceptions about Islam and Muslims are not adequately dispelled and resolved.9. There is a lack of religious texts that are not translated into Spanish. This makes it difficult for converts to adequately understand and study by themselves the principles that Islam adheres to.10. Coordination among different Muslim religious organizations is also hampered because of geographical differences which take ample sum up of economic resources. There is a need to develop extensive networks within the Muslim population in Ecuador.11. There are few opportunities for Muslims around the country to convene at confer