john kerry :: essays research papers

toilette Forbes Kerry is the candidate I would chose in the up in coming election. Some of the issues that would watch my vote are environment, the economy, homeland security, social issues, and Iraq. I would also vote for illusion Kerry because he has done good things for Massachusetts and I know he will do good things for this country. My last reason for voting for John Kerry is because he will bring our troops home safely. On November 2, 2004 I would vote for John Kerry.John Forbes Kerry was born in Colorado on December 11, 1943 at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. John Kerry graduated from Yale University. He joined the Navy and became an ships officer during Vietnam. He was awarded both silver and bronze stars and 3 purple hearts for his heroic efforts. John Kerry went to law school at Boston College. He was select lieutenant governor of Massachusetts in 1982. After he was elected senator of Massachusetts in 1984 followed by three more terms. John Kerry seems to be a perfect cand idate for president.John Kerry supports the war in Iraq. John Kerry believes in having our allies join in with us. John Kerry says if elected he will supercharge international effort to secure peace. He also sates that he wants to improve social, economic, and political conditions in the Middle East. John Kerry believes he can restore supranational Policy.John Kerry also believes in social issues. He supports a womens right to an abortion. John Kerry opposes the death penalty. John Kerry will also appoint resolve committed to law in the Supreme Court. Last, John Kerry will full fund the No Child Left Behind law. John Kerry really knows the views of the people.John Kerry wants to make a better environment. John Kerry opposes oil exploration in the Artic refuge. John Kerry will push new gas requirements, hybrid cars, and the use of enthalpy fuel. John Kerry will set goals, incentives to reproduce dependence on fossil fuels. Finally, John Kerry promotes clean, renewable fuel sources . John Kerry is well concerned about the environment. John Kerry also believes in a better Homeland. John Kerry is against labeling U.S. citizens as enemy combatants. John Kerry also wants to the speed up immigration process. Last, John Kerry wants to reform internal intelligence. John Kerry will make this country a better place.John Kerry says he will stop raising taxes.

Reflecting on My College Experience :: Personal Reflection

When I first enrolled here at State University, I never thought I would ever be in the position to graduate. Finishing college was a huge goal growing up scarce it was in any case my biggest fear. But after three and a half years of dedication I plan to get my degree in the fall. Getting this far in college was not easy, it took encouragement from family, dedication, and assistance from others to reach this position.Many years ago I remember my grows telling me that in order for me to become successful a college education was a must. They always told me that if I wasnt in school I could no longer live at home office. Both of my parents attended college but neither of them finished. They did not want me to go down that same road because they really regret not getting their degrees.My grades in elementary school were pitiable because I had trouble paying attention to things that were not challenging. I tried to play sick just about every day but my parent were not falling for it. My favorite classes were gym, music, and art. Competing in sports is where I spent most of my time. The words of my parents and teachers went in one ear and out the other. School just wasnt inte backup maning to meMy senior year of high school I decided to dedicate my self to school work. All I did was take school a little more seriously and pay attention. Before you know it I had made the honor roll for the first time and continue to make it the rest of the year. Finally the extra work was reflecting in my grades. My parents were glad to see that my education had some meaning. That summer after school I just wanted to go steady a job and start making some money. Going to college for anther four year was something I thought I could not handle. I final got a job at UPS unloading trucks. At first I thought how hard could it be? But every day I would come home exhausted from working in the heat. And then when I got tiny pay check, it hit me. From then on I decided that manual labor wa s something that I could not do the rest of my life and I could definitely not support a family on that income. A job behind a desk in the air conditioning was what I wanted.

The American Cultural Configuration :: Sociology, Family, Religious Views

In the text, The American Cultural Configuration the authors express the desire of anthropologists to study their bear culture despite the difficulty that one faces attempting to subjectively crumple their own society. Holmes and Holmes (2002), use the adage not being able to see the forest through the trees (p. 5) to refer to how hard it is for someone to study something they soak up for the most part taken for granted. The Holmes article focuses predominately on paradoxes within our own culture, many of which we dont notice. In a paradox, two contradicting statements can appear to be true at the alike(p) time. This essay looks at two paradoxes comm exclusively found in everyday life the individual versus the family and religion. When you think about family, what is the first thing that comes to mind? If you only thought about your parents or close relatives then you may have been caught in an individual vs. family paradox. Nearly every culture considers family important, but many Americans have never even met all(a) of their cousins (Holmes & Holmes, 2002, p.19). We say we are family oriented, but not caring to meet all of our extended family seems to contradict that. Individual freedoms, accomplishments, and goals are all American ideals that push the idea of individualism. Whats important to note is that family or even the concept of family itself doesnt appear in any of those ideals. Holmes and Holmes (2002), observed that The family reunions of yesterday are right away rare, and when they occur they are often a source of stress. (p. 19) That quote solidifies one reason why family interaction today is its just too stressful, so we bend it. Where does marriage fit into our culture of individuals? Marriage itself may be less of a family unifying event than a way for two individuals to obtain person-to-person happiness the climbing divorce rate alone seems to suggest the devaluation of commitment in a relationship. Likewise, the Holmes and Holmes (2002) state marriage is in effect a lengthiness of courtship (p. 19) In my opinion, I would have to agree with the authors on family and marriage, considering the above-stated facts and trends. If we, as a nation, can place the individual so far above our own relatives, are we not creating a future of selfishness?Religious views are virtually unquantifiable on their own, but the effects of those views are very much measurable.

Ian McEwans Enduring Love Essay -- Ian McEwan Enduring Love Essays

Ian McEwans Enduring have sexEvident throughout the entire plot of Enduring Love, Ian McEwanfuses three different genres retire study, spy story andthriller. Each genre I remember has a set of expectations that capturesthe reader urging them to read on, for example a thriller genre wouldstereotypically be led by a fast, tense pace with characters easilyidentifiable as goodies and baddies. Different, fresh and novelMcEwan establishes his break up of typical genres as he mixes theelements of the three chief(prenominal) genres and purposely doesnt stick to theirrigid framework that many authors swear by. It is however important toassess to what extent that McEwan successfully combines these genresand how rough-and-ready his method is.During the exhibition of Enduring Love, McEwan attempts to enticethe reader into making that commitment creating an addictivequality which I believe he does so by incorporating several rhetoricaldevices, flowing from one to the other throughout the entire of thefirst chapter. Focusing particularly on the action of the event Joe isdescribing, McEwan incorporates parts of the move genre and thedetective story, switching from one to the other frequently. We setoff down our path arm in armthe warmth and tranquillity in hervoice, Concentrating on the romance genre, McEwan allows the readerto feel a connection with Joe as we are made aware of his emotions forClarissa. Exploring different themes of love, we become acquaintedwith Clarissas love of Keats poetry, Clarissas interest in thesehypothetical letters had something to do with our own situation andthe love for others surrounding Joe at the station it was smiles andhugs, and in xxxv m... ...he is telling her. fag outt get angrywith me, Joe. You didnt see his face, and he wasnt in the square.To conclude, I believe that it is correct to declare that Enduring Lovegracefully bridges genres, as McEwan intervenes from one genre toanother successfully without a break up in the plot . The only expulsion of this is, I believe is the chapter in which the thrillergenre is introduced as I believe that it is out of character for Joeto go such an extreme and this is the only part of the adjudge that I mat up I was not a part of, as McEwan failed to engage me fully with thelack of realism. It could however be argued that this was McEwansintention to change this chapter to depict the meaning that it ispossible for anyone, however radical and intelligent to take suchextreme actions under the given circumstances and the pressures thatJoe faced. Ian McEwans Enduring Love turn out -- Ian McEwan Enduring Love EssaysIan McEwans Enduring LoveEvident throughout the entire plot of Enduring Love, Ian McEwanfuses three different genres love story, detective story andthriller. Each genre I believe has a set of expectations that capturesthe reader urging them to read on, for example a thriller genre wouldstereotypically be led by a fast, tense pace with characte rs easilyidentifiable as goodies and baddies. Different, fresh and novelMcEwan establishes his break up of typical genres as he mixes theelements of the three main genres and purposely doesnt stick to theirrigid framework that many authors swear by. It is however important toassess to what extent that McEwan successfully combines these genresand how effective his method is.During the exposition of Enduring Love, McEwan attempts to enticethe reader into making that commitment creating an addictivequality which I believe he does so by incorporating several stylisticdevices, flowing from one to the other throughout the entire of thefirst chapter. Focusing particularly on the action of the event Joe isdescribing, McEwan incorporates parts of the romance genre and thedetective story, switching from one to the other frequently. We setoff down our path arm in armthe warmth and tranquillity in hervoice, Concentrating on the romance genre, McEwan allows the readerto feel a connection with Jo e as we are made aware of his emotions forClarissa. Exploring different themes of love, we become acquaintedwith Clarissas love of Keats poetry, Clarissas interest in thesehypothetical letters had something to do with our own situation andthe love for others surrounding Joe at the station it was smiles andhugs, and in thirty-five m... ...he is telling her. Dont get angrywith me, Joe. You didnt see his face, and he wasnt in the square.To conclude, I believe that it is correct to state that Enduring Lovegracefully bridges genres, as McEwan intervenes from one genre toanother successfully without a break up in the plot. The onlyexception of this is, I believe is the chapter in which the thrillergenre is introduced as I believe that it is out of character for Joeto go such an extreme and this is the only part of the book that Ifelt I was not a part of, as McEwan failed to engage me fully with thelack of realism. It could however be argued that this was McEwansintention to alienate this chapter to depict the message that it ispossible for anyone, however radical and intelligent to take suchextreme actions under the given circumstances and the pressures thatJoe faced.

Research in Genetic Engineering Should Be Halted :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The tools of molecular biology have enormous potential for both favorable and evil. Lurking behind every genetical dream come true is a possible Brave New World nightmare (Dudley 13). Although we all might not acknowledge it, these words hold the key to the future of mankind. The science of genetic engineer, too referred to as biotechnology, first came into the scientific realm in the 1970s. This recent technology offered a new way to manipulate an organism or a population of organisms. Researchers and scientists from around the world were thrilled at the upcoming knowledge that could answer many of their questions dealing with all aspects of genetics. The new genetic engineering technology was never meant to hurt individuals. On the contrary, it offered promises of manipulating the molecules that make up the genetics of living matter in order to benefit, even save, an individuals life. Although genetic engineering promises good fortune for the human race, many questions have be en raised pertaining to issues concerning safety, necessity, and, most of all, morality of the entire enterprise. It has been shown through the years, that genetic engineering not only provides great risks to men, women, and children hardly also presents potential dangers to the environment. True, genetic engineering can have numerous medical advantages, but overall, it is a detrimental procedure to the advancement of humanity. The subject of genetic engineering performed on humans has achieved great acclaim as well as great opposition. Some people say that genetic engineering is dear to society while others argue that it should be halted. In order to fully understand this issue, it is important to look at both views in this controversy. One must believe that those who do not know their opponents arguments do not completely understand their own. When the opinion of others is known one can then become a more intelligent and discriminating consumer of information in our media-cente red culture (Dudley 9). What are the benefits of genetic engineering? For one thing, chronic and smutty diseases can be avoided in the first place they strike. Many lives, as well as medical dollars, could be saved if doctors could identify individuals that have a likelihood of developing heart disease, cancer, and other fatal diseases. If genetic engineering is allowed to continue, there might even someday be a cure for heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimers, cancer, and even AIDS. Genetic engineering might also be used to correct genetic disorders.

Male and Female Travelers Essay -- Compare Contrast Gender Writing Na

Male and Female Travelers While reading Helen Maria Williams A Tour in Switzerland and William Coxes Sketches of the Natural, Civil, and Political convey of Swisserland, I find myself captivated by Williams description of the Rhine Falls, while feeling indifferent by Coxes account of the same landscape. It strikes me how much the Rhine Falls influences Williams emotions and her avid imagination, thus far it seems to have a subtle effect on Coxe. In her introduction, Williams mentions that the descriptive parts of this journal were rapidly traced with the ardour of a fond imagination, eager to subdue the vivid colouring of the moment ere it fled, and give permanence to the emotions of admiration, while the solemn enthusiasm beat high in her bosom (vol. I, i). Coxe, on the other hand, seems to get down all that he sees with a detached attitude - he is simply there to observe the scenery, not dwell emotionally and spiritually within it. The unequivocal differences between Williams and Coxes approach towards the Rhine Falls show the contrast between what female and male writers value the most in their travels. Williams easily immerses herself into the magic of the moment in front of the Rhine Falls, while Coxe shows a more aloof reaction towards the Rhine Falls, preferring, instead, to observe the Rhine Falls and its surrounding areas as a whole. Both Williams and Coxe approach Switzerland differently. Before locomotion to the Rhine Falls, Williams already has preconceived expectations and fantasies about what Switzerland is like I am going to contemplate that interesting country, of which I have never heard without emotion - I am going to gaze upon images of nature, images of which the idea has so often swelled my ... ...s more on how the landscape will benefit them intellectually. For example, William encounter with the Rhine Falls results in her maturation an attachment to the majestic grandeur of the cataract, and she feels the cataract possesses a powe r that is far beyond the comprehension of mankind. Coxe, on the other hand, maintains a detached attitude towards the Rhine Falls. To Coxe, the Rhine Falls is hardly one of the objects that make up the sublimity of the landscape. Works Cited Coxe, William. Sketches of the Natural, Civil, and Political State of Swisserland. A Series of Letters to William Melmoth, Esq. London J. Dodsley, 1779. Williams, Helen Maria. A Tour in Switzerland. A conniption of the Present State of the Government and Manners of Those Cantons With Comparative Sketches of the Present State of Paris, 2 vols. London G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798.

Male and Female Travelers Essay -- Compare Contrast Gender Writing Na

Male and Female Travelers While reading Helen Maria Williams A rub in Switzerland and William Coxes Sketches of the Natural, Civil, and Political State of Swisserland, I find myself captivated by Williams description of the Rhine Falls, while feeling indifferent by Coxes account of the same landscape. It strikes me how more than the Rhine Falls influences Williams emotions and her avid imagination, yet it seems to have a subtle effect on Coxe. In her introduction, Williams mentions that the descriptive parts of this journal were rapidly traced with the ardour of a fond imagination, eager to seize the vivid colouring of the moment ere it fled, and give permanence to the emotions of admiration, while the solemn enthusiasm beat high in her dummy (vol. I, i). Coxe, on the other hand, seems to approach all that he sees with a set-apart attitude - he is simply there to observe the scenery, not dwell emotionally and spiritually within it. The obvious differences between Williams and Co xes approach towards the Rhine Falls show the contrast between what female and male writers value the most in their travels. Williams soft immerses herself into the magic of the moment in front of the Rhine Falls, while Coxe shows a more aloof reaction towards the Rhine Falls, preferring, instead, to observe the Rhine Falls and its surrounding areas as a whole. some(prenominal) Williams and Coxe approach Switzerland differently. Before traveling to the Rhine Falls, Williams already has preconceived expectations and fantasies about what Switzerland is like I am going to contemplate that interesting country, of which I have never perceive without emotion - I am going to gaze upon images of nature, images of which the idea has so often swelled my ... ...s more on how the landscape will benefit them intellectually. For example, William bechance with the Rhine Falls results in her developing an attachment to the majestic grandeur of the cataract, and she feels the cataract possesses a power that is far beyond the comprehension of mankind. Coxe, on the other hand, maintains a detached attitude towards the Rhine Falls. To Coxe, the Rhine Falls is only one of the objects that make up the sublimity of the landscape. Works Cited Coxe, William. Sketches of the Natural, Civil, and Political State of Swisserland. A Series of Letters to William Melmoth, Esq. London J. Dodsley, 1779. Williams, Helen Maria. A good turn in Switzerland. A View of the Present State of the Government and Manners of Those Cantons With Comparative Sketches of the Present State of Paris, 2 vols. London G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798.

How to Run a Successful Meeting

How to Run a Meeting Like Google As one of the most successful companies in the world, Google is obviously doing something right when it comes to how they manage their while. In general, meetings argon known for existence a waste of time where complaining buy the farms, further no real solutions are found. Of course this isnt always the case, especially at Google. In this article, Googles Vice-president of search products, Marissa Mayer, outlines how meetings are scheduled and conducted in an effort to eliminate wasted time and maximize results.On average, Mayer holds somewhat 70 meetings a week. With so much precious time at stake, Mayer has developed a few keys to running a successful meeting. The first being to set a firm agenda. An outline is required beforehand which helps to streamline discussions and keep focused. Next, notes are always made, no matter how insignificant the meeting cogency be. It is important to Google that everyone is able to look back and see the final decision, but more importantly, the progression of the discussion.Google is all about being current, and note taking enables the companionship to keep all employees up to date. Mayer also emphasizes using data in the approval process. This is to ensure that employees know that ideas or designs are chosen based on merit and results, not favoritism. All of these have proven successful for Google in order to reach optimum results during any meetings held. However, I think it is how Google decides to organize their time that makes their meetings successful.Every week, Mayer designates large amounts of time to meet with people. She organizes these large stop deads of time into smaller slices. Think mini meetings. Why schedule a 30 minute meeting when it entrust only take 10? Mayer is much more productive and efficient with her time because of these micro-meetings. Mayer also suggests the use office hours. She was inspired to do this after her train as a professor at Stanford Univers ity.In this informal approach, not only is efficiency wildly improved (5 or more meetings can potentially occur within 30 minutes), but some of Googles best ideas have come out of office hours. After all, sometimes someone only necessitate approval to move forward on a project which would not take up anywhere near 30 minutes time (the shortest block of time that her calendar allows). And finally, Google keeps things on time with a giant 4 foot clock that is projected on the wall. This adds pressure to keep on task, but gives every assembly structure.

Single Parents Raise Successful Children

Webb 1 Debra Webb Composition II Brian Wilson 26 March, 2013 Annotated Bibliography Acock, Alan C, and David H. Demo. Family Diversity and Well Being. Thousand Oaks, California Sage Publications, 1994. Print. These two authors of this book adopt interviews with different types of family diversities. It shares the proper development of children with two parents that cooperate with each other for their childs fullest development. This book will be utilise to show childrearing patterns, problems and solutions for parents. Blackstone-Ford, Jann A, and Sharyl Jupe.Good carriage after a Divorce or Separation. Chicago Chicago Review Group, 2004. Print. Jann Blackstone-Ford and Sharyl Jupe discuss divorced parents with joint custody, stepfamilies, and interpersonal conflicts. This information will be used to show that childrens emotional health depends on their parents relationships. Webb 2 Lamb, Micael E. Nontraditional Families. Hillsdale, New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers and Asso ciates, 1982. Print. Michael Lamb explains the conflicts between work and family roles that are unsatisfactory.It offers parents the means to bear and improve the quality of their lives and their childrens. I will use it to prove that families must realize this is a responsibility that they share jointly. Nazario, Thomas, A. In Defense of Children. New York Charles Scribners Sons and Macmillan Publishing Company, 1988. Print. This book represents the efforts of a lawyer, a social worker, pediatrician, and a teacher in the attempt to provide parents and professionals with whats needed for rearing children properly as a traditional family.It will show what protections children need and what responsibilities are expected of the parents. pollack, Linda. A Lasting Relationship. Parents and Children over Three Centuries. Hanover, New England University Press of New England, 1987. 174-182. Print. Linda Pollock speaks of how parents neglect their duties in bringing up their children. Pare nts often neglect their children by being alcoholics, drug addicts, or workaholics. This will be a good find fault to prove the most likely outcome of children who are left alone daily without supervision.

Compare

slope in your country to study English in other country, further in general there argon more differences. Both options sens be beneficial when you patch up study English. In this essay will be discuss all the similarities and differences between learn English in Mexico to learn English in Australia, mention the class structure, teachers and the environment outside class. Paragraph 2 submarine topic 1 Compargon (class Structure) To begin with classes with 15-20 students in a classroom, this can be change all the clip is not exactly forever but it is the common number of students.Secondly, the teachers teach grammar, speaking, writing, listening and reading. There are exams or tests every week and it is important to pass them. Thirdly, everyone can learn English in a private school or in English courses. You need to take a course to present the TOEFL or EELS. Paragraph 3 Sub topic 1 Contrast To begin with Mexico, there are only 3 levels of English basic, intermediate and adva nce. However, is not to common to teach pronunciation. examine in your country is cheaper than studying in overseas. The classes during somewhat one or two and half hours.Instead, in Australia are more levels for English, also academic English. You can decide to do a Bachelor or study the University. Although, is more expensive and the classes are full time.. If you study in Mexico, depend the course that you wishing to take, maybe for 6 months or a couple of weeks. You know that the English School is near your house or you only need to drive. But if you decide to study in Australia you need to stay in that country no less than 4 months and can decide to stay more than 1 yr with the possibility to extend more.Paragraph 4 Sub topic 2 Compare (environment outside class) In Mexico like in Australia moreover, you can meet new tribe , and a great point is that all those people take the course for learn a new wording, English. It is a good way to open more your ideas about learning English because every different person that you meet have different ways or manners and you can learn about all these stuff too. Paragraph 5 Sub topic 2 Contrast In Mexico, after English classes you still speak your own language (Spanish).As well, you are near you family and friends, with all the things that you know. For usage, food, public transport, the City, etc. However can be a slow process for learn English. On the other hand, in Australia you speak English all the time, in school, in the street, in the place that you live. Every time. Although, study English in Mexico has less possibilities to meet people from others separate of the world, it is more common to meet new people from Mexico, but if you decide to learn English in Australia you meet people from over the world.Paragraph 6 Sub topic 3 Compare (teachers) First in Mexico and in Australia the English teachers speak very well English. They have a certificate or accreditation to keep that they can teach this langua ge. In lasses there is only one teacher to teach everything. Such as, grammar, speaking, reading, writing, listening, everything. And the same teacher does the tests or exam for the students. There are many kinds of teachers. For example, funny, strict, serious, easy going, difficult, and every teacher has their different way to teach English.Paragraph 7 Sub topic 3 Contrast On the contrary, in Mexico the teachers are from the same country, they need to learn English before teach to students. Sometimes or in general it is more common to communicate in a formal way or depend the teachers but this happened more hen you study the high school. In Australia whereas, great point is that the teachers are inborns they talk by nature English, and a better point is that can be teachers from others apart of the world. For example England, from America, New Zealand, etc.There are more easy going and it is good for the person who extend to learn English because their listen accent, pronuncia tion, the native language Paragraph 8 Conclusion In conclusion, It is important to mention that everyone to get hold of study English must to study hard and be concentrating all the time. Nevertheless, there are people homo get quickly English because is easier for others. Study English for first time could be difficult, because it is a new and different language.A good point is that all the people that you can meet have similar purpose and you cannot feel ill for known English or for learn slowly. Additionally, you need to know that Australia is totally opposite from Mexico it is so far-off. And for a long time you will live far from your country, family and friends, and maybe you can have homesick for a short period or always. But the experience that you can have when you learn English in Australia is en of the biggest goals. For instance, you meet people from over around the world, but sometimes you only meet people to come to study English not native people.For example, you have many new friends from Thailand, Korea, and Brazil but maybe you dont know anybody from Australia. Further to this, study in other country has more extra qualities, for example you can mention in your resume that you learn English in Australia and has experience in different things. And all this can help you to find a better Job. Study English can open more doors in different ways, whatever you iced if study in Mexico or in Australia, but choose study in Australia can change the way that you see the live in many amazing ways.

PRODUCTION OPERATIONS & MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF LABSA Essay

Sulphonation The ProcessMost electrophilic substitution receptions be irreversible but sulfonation is an exception. discussion of benzene with oleum (a solution of SO3 in concentrated sulfuric harsh) testament give the sulfonic panelling, the electrophilic species macrocosm sulfur trioxide which is Lewis acidic. image 1 Sulphonation Benzene equationThe sulfonic acid smoke be converted back by treatment with blue aqueous acid. The reason for this reversibility is the fact that the Wheland intermediate is overall neutral and therefore more stable than other, positively charged intermediates. Hence, under forcing reaction conditions, the energy disagreement in progressing in either the forward or backward sense from the Wheland intermediate is proportionately smaller comp bed to the barrier to activation and hence discrimination is lost. anatomy 2 Progress of Reaction against EnergyThis makes the SO3H a useful directing group if it is desired to carry our selective ortho substitution of a monosubstituted benzene possessing an ortho/ space-reflection symmetry activating group. Under normal circumstances, para substitution would dominate, despite the statistical favouring of the ortho positions out-of-pocket to steric hindrance of the original substituent. Initial sulfonation para gives a Disubstituted benzene in which both substituents direct to the same position. Subsequent directed electrophilic substitution and removal of the sulfonic acid group gives theortho disubstituted convergence.Process Involved In the Manufacture of research labSAFig 3 F diminishedchart of the process behind the merchandiseion of LABSA.The manufacturing of LABSA at Sasol gulf is a continuous process. An interval of 1 day after a period of 20-21 age for the aim of shut-down and start-up is essential for maintenance purposes. The key reactions involved in the formation of LABSA argon as followsAir Drying second Melting Ignition of siemens (S) to randomness dioxide (SO2) SO3 harvest-timeion Oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide (SO3) using catalyst vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) under optimum temperature. Film Sulphonation Reaction of Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) with due south trioxide to yield the end product LABSA. Ageing & HydrolysisGas Separation & Gas Scrubbing Separation of LABSA from unreacted bunglees.Air DryingThe denude taken from outside is compressed and dehumidified by means of the following units1)Intermediate Cooling Unit.2)Silica gel Dehumidifying Tower.The simmer downing has the purpose to remove the humidity from the commit, up to a saturation humidity of 2 score Celsius & in all case to convey low temperature ambience to the dehumidifying tower, thus favoring the piddle absorption in the silica gel. The silica gel air ironicaling has the object to reduce to very low values (dew foreland -60 approx.) the moisture content of air intended for the sulfur combustion, & past for conversion.This reduces to acce ptable values the oleum criterion produced in the conversion unit, which depends directly to the quantity of body of water contained in the air.WorkingThe air filtered is sucked by the compressor that sends the process air to the refrigerating group. This unit removes the compression oestrus by water & moreover cools the air to 2 degree Celsius by means of the intermediate medium cooling unit which is kept at constant temperature. The equipment for air drying is a vertical cylindrical vessel, which is horizontally divided in two parts by a partition containing insulating clobber. The two silica gel layers are placed on nets 2 spaces are left free above and below such layers for air inlet and outlet respectively. On the plates, at the level of both silica gel layer, two light glasses are located to check visually their conditions. Some silica gel indicator is placed near the sight glasses, changing its chroma accordingto the quantity of absorbed water thus saturating with water , it changes blue to pink.Fig 4 Boiler to produce and supply steam.Characteristics of Silica GelAppearance white color, granules of 3-6 mm approx.Bulk Density 700kg/dm3 approxThe regeneration is carried out by stir uping with air at 150 degree Celsius. A checking about the effective regeneration is make by verifying the Silica gel indicator through the sight glasses, as well as by verifying the outlet temp., of the regeneration air on the recording thermometer. When the regeneration is accomplished the silica gel band has a temperature quite near 150 degree Celsius. Therefore it is inevitable to cool the silica gel thus allowing it to adsorb the humidity of the air crossing it.Note The four way valves are provided with a drive by pneumatic cylinders which are remote controlled energizing some solenoid valve suitably.Air drying and coolingAir that is utilized in the production of LABSA has to be cooled commencement ceremony and then dried to pick up its feasibility for furthe r reactions. Air is cooled by modernizeing it through a heat exchanger containing the coolant mono-ethylene glycol at a temperature of 0 to -2 degree Celsius. The coolant manipulates concretion of air to around 5 degree Celsius.After cooling air to the required temperature it has to be dried to remove traces of moisture present in it. For this purpose air is passed through a cylinder filled with silica gel. The silica-gel puzzle outs the dew point of the water in the air down to stay -40 degrees Celsius. This means that the air is dry as if the air was cooled down to -40 degrees Celsius. In practice two cylinders with silica-gel are used one for drying the air, the other is reconditioned. In general the changing of the cylinders is done automatically.Fig 5 Air Drying ProcessFig 6 Glycol TowerIn order to remove the compression heat and to condense the moisture, the air is archetypical cooled by cooling water and then by a glycol solution in the glycol tower. The air flow is th en conveyed at a constant temperature (less than 5) to the silica gel dryers.Sulphur MeltingSulphur is melted to allow Sulphur that has been acquired has to be melted prior to its ignition. This is done by heating it in the melter at temperatures of one hundred thirty-five to 145. If the temperature exceeds 145 it would result in vaporisation of sulphur while temperatures less than 135 would be inadequate to melt sulphur. Therefore a temperature of 140 is maintained to prevent wastage of sulphur due to the above mentioned causes.Fig 7Sulphur Melting Tank.The solid sulphur is melted and filtered to avoid the pump valves clogging and then fed to the sulphur burner by a proportioning pump. The viscosity of molten sulphur is minimum between 135 to 140 .Fig 8 Viscosity Of SulphurMolten sulphur is fed under mass control by means of a mass flow meter. The pump and the relevant piping are steam heated in order to to keep thetemperature constant and to minimize sulphur viscosity.Fig 9 Su lphur BurningSO ProductionThe oxidation reaction of sulphur dioxide and trioxide is exothermic and heat produced by it is quite sufficient to keep the catalyst layers at the required at the required temp. to obtain a good conversion progress. In order to get the best efficiency, the gas inlet temperature in the first catalyst layer has to be about 420 degree Celsius.To start the reaction, the catalyst layers of the first & second stage of the conversion tower have to be brought to the necessary temperature. This is reached by preheating with hot air and the upper part of the catalyst tower is heated upto a temperature of 400-420 degree Celsius.Fig 10 Catalyst BedSulphur Dioxide & Sulphur Trioxide ProductionThe sulphur combustion furnace has been designed for this special purpose. In the furnace, the sulphur is fed through a pipe and falls on a surface of refractory balls, while the combustion air is supplied in counter current, thus obtaining the complete combustion of sulphur with out its spraying through a nib which might often clog owing to sulphur impurities.This dodge is quite simple it does not require any(prenominal) maintenance and the gas composition does not change. The temperature of the gas at the burner outlet is around 700 degree Celsius (corresponding approximately to a SO2 concentration of 7% by volume). Thereafter a heat exchanger cools the gas so that it reaches the conversion tower at the required temperature. The conversion tower is composed of three layers of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) catalyst. The gas, passing from a layer to next one, crosses a heat exchanger to take the gas temperature to optimum conversion values on every stage. In order to allow quick startup, a preheating system has beenprovided. The main characteristics of Ballestra pre-heating system have been provided No electric pre-heater is required because if it were used, being in the presence of SO3, it would be corroded very quickly. Moreover, with Ballestra system there is no need to either cut off or regulate values in the circuit of conversion lines, which should operate a temperature of about 500 degree Celsius in the presence SO2 / SO3, thus being easily corroded. The gas temperature is of course too high to be suitable for sulphonation therefore some heat exchangers in the series are used to cool the gas down to proper sulphonation temperature. The hot air glide slope from SO3 coolers is utilized for silica gel regeneration.6 Fig 11 SO2 / SO3 ProductionFilm SulphonationThis group is composed by a film nuclear reactor, multi-tube type, having dimensions and number of tubes proportional to the plant capacity. The sulphonation gas is automatically fed on the reactor top and distributed in part strictly equal on each of the pipes composing the reactor. The raw material to be sulphonated is fed in co-current with the gas. Outside the reaction tubes in the reactor jacket the cooling water circulates in co-current with the film, thus allowing a co ntrol of the reaction temperature by heat removing.The distribution of the gas and the product to be sulphonated is designed in order to ensure a constant ratio between the two phases, inside each reaction tube. The sulphonated or sulphated product, coming out of the reactor is suitably degassed, aged and stabilized according to the fed raw material and fed to the neutralization unit.In this connection the Ballestra sulphonation / sulphation system by film reactor has great advantages towards the other existing systems on the market since in the case of power failure an emergency system, included in the supply, avoids any damage to the product and the necessity of cleaning the reactor before resuming operation. This system can be also used during plant startup the material to be sulphonated is fed and recycled to the reactor until optimum SO2-SO3 conversion is reached.Main reactorFig 12 Top view of the Reactor Fig 13 Bottom Nozzles Of the ReactorThis SO3 is sent to the reactor wh ere it reacts with Linear Alkyl Benzene. Due to presence of some water vapours in air some oleum is also formed. This should be avoided as it can cause blockage. The reactor has small tubes in which the SO3 passes and the LAB passes through its sides. The main reaction takes place at perforate of these tubes and during maintenance these tubes are soundly cleaned because if the LAB leaks to the centre part then the reaction testament take place there only and no SO3 will pass through.Then this variety of LABSA (desired product), LAB, SO3 and a mixture of other waste materials including oleum is sent to a separator. The liquid product is sent to the aging vessel and the gases are sent to cyclone.Fig 14 Sulphonation Plant ArrangementAgeing & HydrolysisThis is used to stabilize the sulphonated DDB. It is composed by an ageing unit and stabilizer. The product after being sulphonated overflows into the bottom of the ageing unit. It is then conveyed into the stabilizer together with w ater. Afterwards it is transferred with the help of a pump to the neutralization unit.Fig 15 Ageing VesselGas SeperationCyclonic separation is a method of removing particulate matters from an air (or gas) shoot, without the use of filters, through vortex separation. Rotational effects and gravity are used to separate mixtures of solids and fluids. present a high look sharp rotating air-flow is established within a cylindrical or conical container called a cyclone. Air flows in a spiral pattern, beginning at the top (wide end) of the cyclone and shutdown at the bottom (narrow) end before exiting the cyclone in a straight stream through the center of the cyclone and out the top.Larger (denser) particles in the rotating air stream have too much inertia to follow the tight curve of the air stream and strike the outside wall, falling then to the bottom of the cyclone where they can be removed. In a conical system, as the rotating air-flow moves towards the narrow end of the cyclone t he rotational radius of the air stream is reduced, separating smaller and smaller particles from the stream. The cyclone geometry, together with air flow rate, defines the cut point of the cyclone.This is the size of particle that will be removed from the air stream with a 50% efficiency. Particles larger than the cut point will be removed with a greater efficiency and smaller particles with a lower efficiency. The liquid product and reactants which still have to react are sent to the aging vessel but the product in the form of vapour and gases are sent to Electrostatic precipitator.Fig 16 Gas divideGas Scrubbing / Exhaust Gas TreatmentThe unit is designed to treat exhaust gas stream coming from the sulphonation reactor before being sent to the atmosphere in order to remove any possible organic, unreacted SO traces and unconverted SO. The exhausted gas coming from the reactor pass through a cyclone which provides to separate the acid mist before getting into the electrostatic prec ipitator and SO2 scrubber column.Fig 17 Exhaust Gas TreatmentIn the electrostatic precipitator the organic substances and unreacted SO3 are separated and eliminated. The residual unconverted SO2 is absorbed in the scrubbing column in which a water and caustic soda solution is continuously recycled. The gas stream is contacted with a controlled stream of fresh organic raw material.Fig 18 Electrostatic Precipitator Functionality DetailsFig 19 Electro Static Precipitator Construction DetailsAn electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. The LABSA is separated and sent to the ageing vessel.Types of Heat Exchangers graduated table and furnish heat exchangerShell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes. One set of these tubes contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled. The second fluid runs over the t ubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or absorb the heat required. A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of tubes plain, longitudinally finned etc. Shell and Tube heat exchangers are typically used for high pressure applications (with pressures greater than 30 bar and temperatures greater than 260C. This is because the shell and tube heat exchangers are rich due to their shape. There are several thermal design features that are to be taken into account when designing the tubes in the shell and tube heat exchangers. These includeTube diameter Using a small tube diameter makes the heat exchanger both economical and compact. However, it is more likely for the heat exchanger to foul up faster and the small size makes mechanical cleaning of the fouling difficult. To prevail over the fouling and cleaning problems, larger tubediameters can be used. Thus to determine the tube diameter, the available space, cost an d the fouling nature of the fluids must be considered.Tube thickness The thickness of the wall of the tubes is usually set to ensure oThere is enough room for corrosionoThat flow-induced vibration has resistanceoAxial strengthoAbility to easily stock spare parts cost Sometimes the wall thickness is determined by the easy layimum pressure differential across the wall.Tube length heat exchangers are usually cheaper when they have a smaller shell diameter and a long tube length. Thus, typically there is an aim to make the heat exchanger as long as possible. However, there are umpteen limitations for this, including the space available at the site where it is going to be used and the need to ensure that there are tubes available in lengths that are twice the required length (so that the tubes can be withdrawn and replaced). Also, it has to be remembered that lone, thin tubes are difficult to take out and replace. Tube pitch when designing the tubes, it is unimaginative to ensure tha t the tube pitch (i.e. the centre-centre distance of adjoining tubes) is not less than 1.25 times the tubes outside diameterLAS/LABSA ( Linear Alkyl Benzene Suplhonic cutting ) The ProductDescription of LASLinear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid is the largest-volume synthetic surfactant because of its relatively low cost, good performance, the fact that it can be dried to a stable powderize and the biodegradable environmental friendliness as it has straight chain. LAS is an anionic surfactants with molecules characterized by a hy purgehobic and a hydrophilic group. Alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) alkyl sulfates (AS) are also examples of mercantile anionic surfactants. They are nonvolatile compounds produced by sulfonation. LAS are complex mixtures of homologues of different alkyl chain lengths (C10 to C13 or C14) and phenyl positional isomers of 2 to 5-phenyl in proportionsdictated by the starting materials and reaction conditions, each containing an aromatic ring sulfonated at the par a position and attached to a linear alkyl chain at any position with the exception of terminal one (1-phenyl). The properties of LAS differ in physical and chemical properties according to the alkyl chain length, resulting in formulations for non-homogeneous applications. The starting material LAB (linear alkylbenzene) is produced by the alkylation of benzene with n-paraffins in the presence of hydrogen fluoride (HF) or aluminium chloride (AlCl3) as a catalyst. LAS is produced by the sulfonation of LAB with oleum in batch reactors. some other sulfonation alternative reagents are sulfuric acid, diluted sulfur trioxide, chlorosulfonic acid and sulfamic acid on falling film reactors. LAS are then neutralized to the desired table salt (sodium, ammonium, calcium, potassium, and triethanolamine salts). Surfactants are widely used in the industry needed to improve contact between polar and non-polar media such as between oil and water or between water and minerals.MASS DENSITY AT 20 DEG REES C 1.070 g/cm3 VISCOSITY AT 20 DEGREES C 1500 2000 mPa.s.MELTING say 10 DEGREES C.BOILING POINT 315 DEGREES C.VAPOUR PRESSURE at 20 DEGREES c Below 0.15 (0.001 mm Hg). FLASH POINT (PMcc) 200 DEGREES C.DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE 100 DEGREES C.Ph 2.Applications of LASAlkylbenzene sulfonic acid, as the raw material of detergent, is used to produce alkylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium (LAS), which has the performances of cleaning, wetting, foaming, emulsifying and dispersing, etc. The rate of biodegradation is more than 90%. The product is widely used for producing various detergents and emulsifiers for agricultural herbicides and in emulsion polymerization. It is mainly used to produce household detergents such as washing powder, detergent of dishware, detergent of light or bad dirt, cleaner of textile industry, dyeing assistant, degreaser of platingand leather making industry, and the deinking agent of paper-making industry, etc.CharacteristicsGood Surface active pro pertiesLow cost surfactant for detergents scant(p) processing into dried powdersDesirable solubility in both liquid and powder formulation BiodegradableCompatible with other surface active agentsgross revenue SpecificationsAPPEARANCEViscous Light Brown liquidACTIVE MATTER96.0% minACID VALUE180 190FREE OIL1.5% maxWATER1.0% maxCOLOR, KLETTE50 max (5% Sol. pH=7, 40mm cell)FREE SULFURIC ACID1.5% maxAdvantagesCost effective, anionic surfactant.Biodegradable.Due to its stable foam, suitable for detergent applications in combination with other surfactants. Compatible with enzymes and builders.Outstanding performance with other anionic surfactants due to its synergistic effect. Consumes less alkali for neutralisation.Ideal for liquid detergent application due to high solubility and low salt content.Packaging & TransportationLABFirst the truck is parked in the heavy stretch outing station directly under a valve. Laborers enter the truck and fix metal rods in grooves near the door. Then a c ardboard perimeter is set up in order to provide support. A flexi-bag is spread out on the bottom of the container, above and within the cardboard perimeter. A hose is connected to the valve and to the flexi-bag. The initial reading is taken from the main LAB store. The flexi-bag can withstand 20-25 tons of LAB. Calculations are carried out to transfer an approx. 20 tons. The meter reading must reduce by 52cm.Fig 20 Flexi Bags within cardboard perimeterSulphonic AcidThe sulphonic acid is corrosive in nature and therefore requires a vehicle with a pre-fitted tanker. The tanker is made of a special material (commonly stainless steel) Also the tank must be able to keep the sulphonic acid at a desirable temperature.Fig 21 Fitted TankLABSALABSA is packaged into plastic drums and then transported. severally drum contains 210kg of the product. Sasol buys second hand drums in order to cut costs. Once the drums are loaded with LABSA on a wooden platform a forklift will move them to the s torage shed. At the time of loading the forklift will carry these drums to a loading station with an adjustable ramp. The forklift will carry the containers into the truck and load them there.Fig 22 Plastic Drums for packagingAnalysisEvery two hours, regular analysis of the product is carried out to make sure the quality of the product is maintained. A sample of the product is takenin a beaker and taken to the analysis room.Color Klett DeterminationA Klett colorimeter allows light to pass through and determines the colour Klett of the substance. The beaker is put on the colorimeter and the value of the color Klett is obtained. Lesser the color Klett, better the quality of the product. The standard value for Klett is around 50%(maximum). Here at Sasol, it ranges from 5-10% and is therefore great in quality.Required EquipmentsKlett tintometerBlue Filter No. 42 with 400-465mm wavelength rangePair of cells with 40mm path length equalizerRequired ReagentsEthanol 99.9% GPRMethanol GPRPro pan-2-ol ( Isopropyl alcohol ) GPRDistilled water partPrepare solvent of ethanol 99.99%, methanol, propan-2-ol or distilled water or a mix of all. look 5g of active substance and dilute with a weighed amount of solvent so that a solution of 5% m/m is prepared for color measurement.In case of 5% m/n color measurement , weigh 5g of active substance, then times the volume of solvent required by relevant solvent density and weigh solvent.Mix upto complete dissolution.Fill 40mm path length cell (clean and dry) with mixture and other cell as reference cell. Colorimeter must be switched on 15 mins prior to thetest.Acid value determinationAfter finding the color Klett, the sample of the product is then titrated with ethanol, drop by drop after adding the indicator. Through this, the amount of ethanol required to reach the n point is noted and the acid level of the product is calculated. It should be approx. 180. If the acid value is higher or lower than the required value, the air flow rate is adjusted and analysis is carried out till the desired acid value is obtained.Required equipments250ml conical flask10ml BuretteLab analytic balance reading upto 3 decimal placesRequired ReagentsDistilled waterSodium hydroxide Volumetric SolutionPhenolphthaleinEthanolThis method covers determination of acid value for sulphonic acid, however it can also be used for pure fatty acids.ProcedureWeigh accurately about 2g of sulphonic acid into the conical flask and note the weight. Add 25ml of ethanol and mix well to ensure the sample is dissolved completely. measure with NaOH solution using phenolphthalein until the solution retains a faint pink colour. Note T1.CalculationAcid Value = ( T1 x Molarity of NaOH x 56.1 ) / WtFree Acid % = ( T1 x Molarity of NaOH x titrated acid molecular weight ) 10ConclusionIn a nutshell, the previous month at Sasol has been very productive in terms of the knowledge gained regarding the manufacturing operations of the LABSA plant in Dubai, UAE.Future Sc opeThis is a detailed report on Production Operations and Manufacturing Processes of LABSA. It is highly edifying on processes such as Air Drying, SO Production, SO Treatment, Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonation etc. The report can be used to bring about the following functionalitySet up companiesSet up detergent raw material supplyImprove plant production quality repress production costsReferences1 www.wikipedia.com2 www.sasol.com3 www.uaeincorp.com4 www.users.ox.ac.uk5 Sasol Gulf Operation Manual6 Sulphonation Technology in the Detergent Industry by W. Herman de Groot 7 www.lasinfo.org8 www.mixmedicine.com9 www.chemicalland21.com10 Test Method Control Room lodge

A Natural Consequence

As a natural consequence, millions of mint in Iraq had no difficulty believing that it would be workable to get rid of Saddam if the US, which had been bombing Iraq at that time, was in their own ranks.Although these riotsthe period that was relatively unexpectedfaced by the Iraqi Republican Guards flying and violent interventions. Saddams forces have found life in a very disturbing range, from burning gas from helicopters to burning people to bombing hospitals where they were wounded.However, the fight down that the joined States implied at various levels did not come at all. In particular, Turkeys fear of a fragmented Iraq, and the diplomatic pressure on this issue, is to step endorse to support the riots that could result in the US government declaring the independence of the Kurds, and Saddams In response to the riots, it was enough to let tens of thousands of people die.The riots that began against a dictator in the region with this back step of the United States suddenly t ransformed into the biggest migration of the last 50 years.Only in March and April, nearly two million Kurds began to flee to Iraqs northern moulding neighbors, Turkey and Iran, among the ruins of the struggle, which were suddenly part of their lives.The US, the UN, Turkey, and Irans inexperience in keeping the pip under control has worsen the suffering of the people trapped in the interests of the state. During the migration, thousands of people, broadly speaking children, died from the weather conditions, hunger, thirst and health problems, as well as the shooting of helicopters at civilian populations from time to time.According to estimates made by the United Nations data, an sightly of 2,000 Kurds per day was killed in a section of 1991.After the Gulf War in 1991, around 470 thousand people fled to Turkey.The or so dramatic examples in our youthful history were in Bosnia and in our border neighbor Syria. In Syria, it is still ongoing in the form of domestic and foreign i mmigration.The Bosnian War is the most violent war in Europe since the second World War, in which a series of ethnic conflicts took place between March 1992 and November 1995, and many war crimes, especially ethnic cleansing, were committed. According to the official sources during and after the war, only Turkey, 20.000 people had to emigrate. In addition, more than 1.5 million Bosnian-Muslim people had to leave their lands.About 20,000 to 30,000 women were raped. This war has passed on the history of the world as the bloodiest and systematic genocide. On the other hand, in Syria, approximately 400,000 people lost their lives in the civil war, which began with a small hold out on March 11, 2011 and became one of the biggest catastrophes in the Middle East.While 3 million people were wounded in the civil war, 1 million people were disabled. Due to the Syrian civil war, millions of people fell to refugee status and the historic structures were destroyed as if they could not be repair ed.With the process called Arab Spring, the overthrow of the 30-year Husnu Mubarak rule had profoundly affected the peoples of the region, not just Egypt.This historic revolution dominated Bahrain, Libya, Morocco and even Gaddafis death.During this period, when the peoples movements led to great revolutions, two female doctors expressed their happiness about the situation while they were talking on the phone. These two women, who were listened to by the intelligence of the phones, were arrested, and their hair was shaved as punishment.On top of that, the 12-13 children, a relative of one of these women, wrote the shibboleth The people want the order to be demolished. The principal of the school is complaining about these kids in intelligence. They run the children in and expose them to severe torture.

Intercommunication

If was to buy the list I would sale contact method that I would use would be contacting them in person, although it would be time consuming and expensive, I would want them to see me and know that I am serious about business. I would be able to directly answer any questions that they might have and it is always good to put a face to someone wanting to do business. Cold calling assumes sales people will be successful If they can reach the right person In an organization. I do not think that cold calling should be used unless It Is the only way that some can get through.Cold calling focuses on getting prehistorical the middle people. A person who calls Like this tries to let the buyer know why they should make a purchase decision right now. They can take a leak a negative experience. I know that I do not Like when people call me and push me to buy something. Many people ar so often hit with advertising messages from TV, newspapers, magazines and it is hard to get their attention. D irect mall can help build relationships between you and whomever you atomic number 18 trying to reach.It is more than personal because you can say what you want and have time to put your thoughts together and express whatever it is you need to and is also cost efficient. Most consumers are receptive to direct mail. Yes, I consider sending these contacts unsolicited emails spam. Most of us get spam every day, ranging from a little to a lot, but if you have an e-mail account it is always there. It is frustrating when you open your business email and before you can respond to your customers or email your suppliers, you have spam. I feel that it is just a way for people to try to get you to buy into something, Spam is of no importance to me.

Max’s Burger Case Study Essay

Case SummeryMaxs Burger is an emerging American fast-food chain with franchised outlet crosswise the world. Nassar group bought the franchise rights of Maxs Burger outlet in Dubai. There were many fast-food outlet of franchised restaurants in Dubai, among them Maxs Burgers message quality was lower standard. As Nassar group didnt requisite to jeopardize their reputation. The ordered the warehouse manager to decline any frozen food shipment that doesnt meet the franchise standard. When the shipment came, the frozen affection temperature was belittled bit off which would not danger customers health but would affect the food taste. Though the manager didnt considered the little mismatch of the temperature before, now he is having second thoughts.Question-1Does the decision to accept or refuse the frozen shopping centre shipment call for ethical or legal considerations? Why?AnswerYes , the decision to accept or refuse the frozen meat shipment call for ethical or legal consideration . As we take aim seen in this case there is an ethical consideration regarding temperature problem. The temperature of the frozen meat delivered to the Maxs burgers didnt match the governments standard. If they accept it they will break the law. Though the deviation is little, but it puts a question on this ethical issues.Question-2Identify the stakeholders who will be influenced by the decision to accept or refuse to the frozen meat shipment?AnswerBoth Nassar group and the company supplying the meat are the stakeholders who will be influenced by the decision to accept or refuse the frozen meat shipment. If Nasaar group accept the frozen meat shipment, their sale may be decreased as a result of inconsistency.

Nursing and Patient Essay

For each of the above theories, enchant prep be the following 1. Brief biography of the theorist (person who created the possibility) 2. A brief discussion of the important assumptions and concepts of the theories.Florence nightingale is the most recognized name in the force field of dole out for. Her grow was instrumental for developing in advance(p) breast feeding practice, and from her first shift, she worked to ensure patients in her care had what they needed to get healthy. Her surroundal Theory changed the face of care for to create sanitary conditions for patients to get care.Biography of Florence nightingaleFlorence nightingale was born in 1820 in Italy to a wealthy British family. She was raised in the Angli digest faith, and believed the God called her to be a hold in. This call came to her in February 1837 while at Embley Park.She announced her intention to become a nurse in 1844. Her mother and sis were angry at her decision, but nightingale stood strong. She wo rked hard to learn about nursing, despite societys expectation that she become a wife and mother. In fact, she rejected a suitor because she thought it would intercept with her nursing career. In 1853, she accepted the position of superintendent at the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London. She held this position until October 1854. The income given to her by her father during this time allowed her to pursue her career and mum represent comfortably.Though nightingale had several important friendships with women, including a correspondence with an Irish nun named Sister bloody shame Clare Moore, she had little respect for women in general, and preferred friendships with powerful men.She died in 1910.Career of Florence NightingaleNightingale is scoop out known for her pioneering work in the field of nursing. She tended to wounded exchangeiers during the Crimean War. She became known as the Lady with the Lamp because of her night rounds. speckl e nursing soldiers during the war, Nightingale worked to improve nutrition and conditions in the wards. Many injured soldiers were dying from illnesses separate from their injuries, much(prenominal) as typhoid, cholera, and dysentery. Nightingale made changes on the wards or st crafted the process by calling the Sanitary Commission. Her work led to a reduction in the death rates of injured soldiers from 42% to 2%. Nightingale believed the deaths were the result of poor nutrition, inadequate supplies, and the soldiers being dramatically overworked. after collecting evidence that pointed to unsanitary conditions as a major cause of death, Nightingale worked to improve sanitation in army and civilian hospitals during peacetime.After the Crimean War, she established a nursing school at St. Thomas Hospital in London in 1860. The first nurses trained at this school began working in 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. It was the first secular nursing school in the world, and is now part of Kings College London. Her work laid the foundation for raw nursing, and the pledge all new nurses take was named after her.Nightingale wrote Notes on care for (1859), which was the foundation of the programme for her nursing school and other nursing schools. This short text was considered the foundation of nursing education, and even sold well to the public. She also wrote Notes on Hospitals, Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, and Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army. Nightingale spent the rest of her career working toward the establishment and development of nursing as a profession, pave the way for nursing in its current form.In 1883, Nightingale was given the Royal Red grumpy by Queen Victoria. In 1907, she was the first woman to receive the Order of Merit. In 1908, she was given the unearned Freedom of the City of London. International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday. Florence Nightingales Contribution to Nursing Theory Environme ntal Theory Florence Nightingale is attributed with establishing the modern practice of nursing. She also contributed to the field with nursing theories still used today. One of her nursing theories is the Environmental Theory, which incorporates the patients surrounding purlieu in his or her nursing care plan.In this theory, the role of the nurse is to use the patients environment to help him or her recover and get back to the usual environment. The reason the patients environment is important is because it can expunge his or her health in a positive or negative way. Some environmental factors affecting health according to Nightingales theory are fresh air, pure water, sufficient diet and appropriate nutrition, economic drainage, cleanliness, and light or direct sunlight. If any of these factors is lacking, it can delay the patients recovery. Nightingale also emphasized providing a quiet, warm environment for patients to recover in. The theory also calls for nurses to prize a patients dietary needs, document food intake times, and evaluate how the patients diet affects his or her health and recovery.Determining a patients environment for recovery establish on his or her condition or disease is still practiced today, such as in patients suffering from tetanus, who need minimal noise to keep them calm and prevent seizures.http//nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Florence-Nightingale.phps the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingales Environment Theory changed the face of nursing practice. She served as a nurse during the Crimean War, at which time she observed a correlation between the patients who died and their environmental conditions. As a result of her observations, the Environment Theory of nursing was born. Nightingale explained this theory in her book, Notes on Nursing What it is, What it is Not. The model of nursing that actual from Nightingale, who is considered the first nursing theorist, contains elements that have not changed since the establishment of the modern nursing profession. Though this theory was pioneering at the time it was created, the principles it applies are timeless.There are seven assumptions made in the Environment Theory, which focuses on winning care of the patients environment in order to reach health name and addresss and cure illness. These assumptions are 1. natural laws 2. mankind can achieve perfection 3. nursing is a calling 4. nursing is an art and a science 5. nursing is achieved through environmental bowdleriseation 6. nursing requires a specific educational base 7. nursing is distinct and separate from medicine The focus of nursing in this model is to alter the patients environment in order to affect change in his or her health.The environmental factors that affect health, as identified in the theory, are fresh air, pure water, sufficient food supplies, efficient drainage, cleanliness of the patient and environment, and light (particularly direct sunlight). If any of these ar eas is lacking, the patient may experience diminished health. A nurses role in a patients recovery is to alter the environment in order to gradually create the optimal conditions for the patients body to heal itself. In whatever cases, this would mean minimal noise and in other cases could mean a specific diet. All of these areas can be manipulated to help the patient meet his or her health goals and get healthy.The Environment Theory of nursing is a patient-care theory. That is, it focuses on the care of the patient rather than the nursing process, the relationship between patient and nurse, or the individual nurse. In this way, the model must be adapted to fit the needs of individual patients. The environmental factors affect different patients unique to their situations and illnesses, and the nurse must address these factors on a case-by-case terra firma in order to make sure the factors are altered in a way that top hat cares for an individual patient and his or her needs.The ten major concepts of the Environment Theory, also identified as Nightingales Canons, are1. Ventilation and warming2. Light and noise3. Cleanliness of the area4. Health of houses5. Bed and bed clothing6. Personal cleanliness7. Variety8. Offering hope and advice9. Food10. ObservationAccording to Nightingale, nursing is separate from medicine. The goal of nursing is to put the patient in the best possible condition in order for constitution to act. Nursing is the activities that promote health which occur in any caregiving situation. Health is not only to be well, but to be able to use well every power we have. Nightingales theory addresses disease on a literal level, explaining it as the absence of comfort.The environment paradigm in Nightingales model is understandably the most important aspect. Her observations taught her that unsanitary environments contribute greatly to ill health, and that the environment can be altered in order to improve conditions for a patient and allow a meliorate to occur.Nightingales Modern Nursing Theory also impacted nursing education. She was the first to extract that nurses be specifically educated and trained for their positions in healthcare. This allowed there to be standards of care in the field of nursing, which helped improve overall care of patients

Preliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles

Preliminary Study on tactics of Translating Films Subtitles Abstract This essay firstly gives a brief introduction of the status quo of subtitling practice.By elaborating the characteristics and functions of subtitling variation, analyzing the cadence and space constraints by using concrete examples exerted from Forrest Gump, Waterloo Bridges, Friends, Rain Man, Shrek, Youve Got Mail, Liar Liar, Mind of Beauty, Schidles List, superbia and Prejudice, Ameri git Beauty, Out of Africa, aft(prenominal) the Sunset for illustration, the author empowers forward six workable strategies for subtitling edition, namely, the avoidance of mistakes on common sense, the application of condensation, out-of-pocket direction of heathenish factors, the adoption of conversational oral communication with natural and fluent vestige,the strainment of unanimity between speed and visual pictures, skinny consideration of consideration. Finally, the importance of improving explanation skills a nd work ethic of provide translating programs is high lightened with the hope for improveing the provide translators practice in an efficient stylus. Key course subtitling characteristics constraints strategies legend translators Preliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Films Subtitles Out pull choke offThesis Statement adaptation of delineations legends, which plays a genuinely important role in cross-cultural communication, is noteworthy of referable attention in baseball club to convey the accurate signifi basisce of the original films to its audience. ?. Introduction The Status Quo, Characteristics, and Functions of Subtitling variation ?. deuce narrowing Factors of Subtitling definition A. Time Constraint in Subtitling Translation B. Space Constraint in Subtitling Translation ?. Tactics Drew From the Analysis of Some Movies A. The Avoidance of Mistakes on special K Sense B. The action of abridgment C. Due Attention of cultural Factors D. The acceptation of Colloquial Words with Natural and Fluent Speed E. The per take a crapance of Harmony between Speed and Visual Pictures F. Good Consideration of scene ?. ConclusionPreliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Films Subtitles ?. Introduction A. The Status Quo of Subtitling Translation With the widening opening-up and deepening re souration as well(p) as the increasing contact with otherwise countries, English original films be convey much and more ha minual in our entertainment industry. When Americans ar crazy with The Lord of the Rings, laughing with Shrek, arguing about Fahrenheit 9/11, and holding their breath at appreciating Spider-man, Chinese people too want to earn a encyclopaedic under al-Qaidaing of them. However, not all Chinese people could understand English, so they have to turn to legends to befool a sense of satisfaction.Therefore, subtitling description, which plays a genuinely important role in cross-cultural communication, is noteworthy of due attent ion in order to convey the accurate heart of the original films to its audience. B. Characteristics of Subtitling Translation Subtitles atomic number 18 the forges that printed at the bottom of the inning part of the screen in the form of target language, following the fathom of ejaculate language. Nedegaard-Larsen, Birgit once put subtitling translation as a type of special language conversion the decoctd indite translation of the original oral speech. 1 Shuttleworth and Cowie besides put it in this managementsubtitling translation was a service which provides co-occurrent instruction to the verbal activities happened in films and television programs. Gottieb once concluded the features of subtitling translation into louver aspects 1) written 2) addible 3) instantaneous 4) simultaneous 5) mul snipdia. 3 And someoneally speaking, there are at least three apparent features 1. Proper condensation of original context When a film is going, its viewers take up to have he ed of the subtitles while sense of hearing the original sound and appreciating the animated pictures. So subtitling translation not only ineluctably accuracy, only when also has to attach equal importance to the density of words in each line and the actors speaking speed, of which the complexity can be adjusted in accordance with the viewer acceptance. Therefore, proper condensation becomes the key point of subtitling translation.Lets take a laconic conversation in Friends as an example, Rachel said Chandler, I gotta tell you, I love your moms books I love her books I cannot get on a plane without one. The original subtitle translation goes ilk this , , , Although we can sense the literary beauty in it, we also can condense it into a better express way like , 2. Conversion from written speech to colloquial form Usually, the subtitles only stay on the screen for only a very little while. To make original that the viewer can grasp the main idea easily, the style of the r epeatd version should avoid unreadibility. So the restrict of oralization and readability outshine other factors.The translation of subtitles should to most extent choose oral and easy-understanding words and phrases, avoiding wasted words, repetitive expressions much foreignized set phrases and idioms as well as foreign allusions that Chinese people cannot understand. The strong belief should not be tedious and lengthy, but be simple and easy-understanding, also the translation should avoid parenthesis, gerunds and clauses. 3. creation compatible with multimedia For ordinary written workings, information can be conveyed only through the form of characters, while for subtitles, it can convey the message altogether with visual information (movie pictures) and sound information (original sound, medical specialty and other stage sounds). Therefore, when the subtitles fail to convey the exact meaning, its viewers can get information from extra-linguistic message.Lets take Shrek fo r example, Shreks anger can be aimn by contorted face Princess Fionas irritation and kindness can be sh own through her gentle smile the subtle effect can be sensed through its beautiful or soft or exciting music. all told of these important extra-linguistic messages can be expressed by mere written characters, and these messages can aid subtitles to bring its functions into full play. C. Functions of Subtitling Translation When mentioning the functions of subtitling translation, usually I would like to conclude them into the following points 1) Subtitling translation can facilitate its viewers to maximise their understanding to the original films.Because many Chinese viewers cannot understand English, they need some facilitating tools to help them to turn over and appreciate them. After trying many methods, researchers find that subtitle is a very effective way to achieve this. It can convey the maximum message to the audience. 2) Subtitling translation serves as an aid to vis ual pictures and sound effect. Subtitle is a type of special conversion between translation and consecutive interpretation. Because in simultaneous interpretation and translation, readers and listeners receive the message in a constant way, while in consecutive interpretation, a time difference exists in the process, which is like the subtitle translations function in movies.And for subtitle, it must work with pictures and sounds when conveying its information, and in this process, viewers need to scan one line and then another(prenominal) to grasp the main idea, also a time difference happens, but this difference is much shorter than that in consecutive interpretation. 3) Subtitling translation can help its movie viewers to appreciate the original impact brought by the genuine effect. Viewers need just have a glimpse of the subtitles appearing at the bottom part of the screen while listening the original sound. 4) Good subtitling translation can be a wide way for people to learn English. When people listen to English, they can see the Chinese.In the process, they may not only improve their English listening proficiency, but also enhance their English translation skills. ?. Limiting Factors of Subtitling Translation A. Time Constraint in Subtitling Translation Time constraint marrow that the picture causa and sound effect should be mutually accordant. Although film subtitle is not so strict as film dubbing, it should also convey the exact meaning by using the similar amount of time as it is used in source language. Furthermore, subtitle should stay on the screen long large for viewers to scan. Usually, the time is not less than two seconds and not more than seven seconds (except for song lyrics).If translators slew the time constraint in subtitling translation, some troubles might be caused for viewers to gain a center understanding. So specifically, sometimes translators need to use condensation and colloquial words to achieve the time harmony with oth er factors, such as the background music, characters facial expressions and so forth. B. Space Constraint in Subtitling Translation Space constraint means that the words and punctuations of subtitle appeared on the screen at one time should not be too many. fit in to Gottliebs study, the words appeared in each line of the subtitle are not more than thirty-five, and at most, two lines can be on at the resembling time.Therefore, if the subtitles in original movies are very long, the translators should adopt the condensation of words in order to cave in the viewers the proper and complete meaning within a limited space on the screen. For these part, the minute the expatiation will be unfolded in the following strategies. ?. Workable Strategies Dealing With the Above Constraints A. The Avoidance of Mistakes on Common Sense instance1 Is there a Mr. Gump, Mrs. Gump? He is on vocation. (Chosen from Forrest Gump) The second strong belief is Forrest Gumps mothers euphemistic respons e to the schools principals question. In this clock time, on vocation back breaker not mean Forrest Gumps father was unfeignedly having a vocation or holiday, but means Forrest Gumps father was dead.So when translating this phrase, translators should do a careful consideration, avoiding mistranslation in order to convey the exact meaning to its appreciators. Therefore, I personally think this fourth dimension can be translated into instead of . recitation 2 Myra benignant of you to come and see me. Roy Not at all. (Chosen from Waterloo Bridge) This concise dialogue shows that the two major characters are very excited at adopting each other, while the subtitles in aversion are , which patently are very confusing. However, in another version, the translation is , . I think the latter translation is much better. precedent 3 Myra What the time is it? Kitty Its er almost eleven. Chosen from Waterloo Bridge) Kittys rejoinder is very simple, but the subtitle is , and I think this trivial mistranslation is caused by translators carelessness, which seems to be a little bit irresponsible. Example 4 Joey I gotta tell you. Youre the best in the business. Girl Get out. (Chosen from Friends) The translation of Get out in the subtitle is , which is really absurd. Suppose we put it in this way, that means when the girl heard Joeys praise to her, she did not say thanks to show her politeness, contrarily she asked Joey to leave, which is not proper in that context. Also, this scene happened on the platform, where there was no door, how a person could get out.So I think Get out should be translated into quite an than . Example 5 Im ready to pop. (Chosen from Liar Liar) The subtitle of this actors lines in a version is , which is really weird and makes the audience puzzled. In fact, this sentence is the persons response to the waiter, and it is a kind of euphemistic refusal. So it should be translated into or . So to conclude, Chinese is a parataxis language while English is a hypo-taxis language, so the rooting solution of mistranslation is that the subtitle translators should have a good command of English and Chinese. B. The Application of CondensationBecause of the space constraint, sometimes subtitles should be condensed and translators may eliminate some parts which can be easily sensed through the movies context. But this elimination should be proper and mark. Example 1 Momma always says theres an awful lot you could tell about a person by their shoes. (Chosen from Forrest Gump) Subtitle , , . Personally speaking, this Chinese translation seems a little bit long, and we might have a try to condense it into , . I think , is better than , , . Also the modified translation could achieve the beautiful effect which is similar to a movies name Scent of Women ( ).Example 2 I turn on my computer, I wait impatiently as it connects, I go on line and my breath catches in my chest until I hear the three littl e words Youve got mail I hear nothing, not even a sound on the streets of New York, just the beat of my own heart. I have mail From you (Chosen from Youve Got Mail) Subtitle , , , , , , , , In this translation, two places applied condensation. 1) Youve got mail. If we translate this sentence according to its real meaning of each word, then the translation could be , but apparently, compared with the first translation , the second one is inferior, because in the original speech, there is a clue three little words. So eliminating ? and translating it into is quite splendid. 2) I have mail From you Translating it into is much better than translating it into , following the original order of each word. Furthermore, the original translation can give a vivid description of the major feminine characters eager and excitement. Example 3 Shrek Its on my to do list now, come on Fiona But this isnt right. Youre meant to charge in, sword drop, banner flying, thats what a ll other knights did. (Chosen from Shrek)Subtitle , , , , ,. Suppose we modified the former part into , or , , it would be concise and natural to Chinese viewers. then we might adjust the latter parts order into , , . Put them together and we get the translation , , , . I think the modified translation would express its meaning in a concise way. And also it can keep the original animated sense. Therefore, in order to employ the tactic of condensation freely, the subtitle translators should comprehend the English and Chinese completely.English is a kind of hypo- taxis language while Chinese is a parataxis one. So when translating English into Chinese, translators should command such unnecessary parts as some conjunctions. C. Due Attention of Cultural Factors In the source language, unavoidably there are many culture-loaded words containing special cultural meaning which cannot be easily sensed by its readers. These culture-loaded words, coming from religious books, historical stories or literature works and so forth, which are not familiar to its target language readers, sometimes may cause cultural clash and cultural vacuum. Considering the space constraint, adding notes is not feasible.So at this time, subtitle translators should adopt liberal translation on the basis of comprehending the cultural factors. Example1 Dont you take the Lords name in baseless with me, you understand? (Chosen from Ghost) This sentence is the conjurator Oda Maes dissatisfactory response to Sams words. And in vain in this sentence was translated into . But this idiom, if we put it into Chinese, means , in this context. This meaning can be dated back to Bible, in which there is a sentence goes Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy paragon in vain. ( ). Therefore, the translation there should be modified into , Example2 Shall we say swords, gentlemen? Pistols at dawn? (Chosen from Mind of Beauty) This sentence was said by a person who was drink ing with his friends and Nash, when a beautiful blond came in, then they began to talk about who had advantage to talk with this girl first. If this sentence is literally translated, it should be , and this sentence is definitely nonsensical and will confuse its audience. Actually, this line contains the cultural content that in the middle century in occidental countries, the upper-class nobles usually gain their lovers by fighting, in which the tools are swords or pistols. We can see obviously this sentence is wisecrack.To make Chinese viewers understand and avoid additional explanation, subtitle translators had better eliminate the meanings of swords and pistols and translate it into , , . There is quite appropriate, for it can not only express these gentlemens meaning, but also keep the original meaning of gaining lovers through swords and pistols. In addition, this translation showcases the theory of functional equivalence proposed by Neda. Example 3 Shrek What shou ld we do with him? Donkey Take the sword and neuter him right here. Give him the bobber Barker treatment (Chosen from Shrek) Subtitle , Bob Barker treatment has something to do with the cultural background.In a notable American entertainment program The Price is Right ( ? ), the host Bob Barker always says serve up control the population, have your pets sprayed or neutered( , ) at the end of the program. Spray is used to describe the womanish one, and neuter the male one. We can see the translation of this dialogue has expressed its cultural content fully. D. Adoption of Colloquial Words Subtitling translation of films is quite different from literature translation. Because when appreciating literature works, readers can adjust their translation speed according to their liking, capability of understanding as well as the works degree of complexity.When readers fiddle uncommon-used words or particular interesting chapters, they could slow down or read them repetitively when they meet easy or tedious parts, they also could choose to speed up or just omit them. However, when people see movies, they are in the position of being passive, for they are the information receivers. In the process of appreciating a movie, time for digesting subtitles is short, and each scene is closely related, so the translation of subtitles is not allowed to have light points. To achieve this, subtitle translators should adopt colloquial expressions. Example 1 My house is in the hills above Trujillo. A very simple place pink stones that warm in the sun kitchen arden that smells of herbs in the day jasmine in the evening. Through the gate is giant popular. Figs, apples, pears. The soil, Marcus, blackblack like my wifes hair. Grapes on the southeast slopes, olives on the north. Wild ponies play near my house, they tease my son. He wants to be one of them. (Chosen from Scrapper) Subtitles TRUJILLO , , , , , , There are three pronouns at the end of this passage they, he and them. The literal translation of the last sentence is , .Although this sentence is right, the translating accent is very English, and it is not quite acceptable by Chinese people. So the translator changed it into , which sounds natural, colloquial and easy-understanding. E. The Achievement of Harmony between Sounds and Visual Pictures Film is kind of comprehensive art combine with listening and watching. Visual pictures and sounds are mutual complemented to each other. So to achieve the harmony between them is quite essential. Example 1 Lester So, Janie. How was school? Janie Its ok Lester Just okay? (dissatisfied) Janie No, Dad. It was spectacular (impatient) (Chosen from American Beauty)There spectacular is a relatively longer word, and the Chinese translation is or , but or is a little bit short. When the subtitle has completed displayed to the viewers, the actor could probably not stop moving her lips. So to achieve the agreement, the translation had bette r be . In addition, also could express Janies impatient feeling. Example 2 Ah, there it is. (Chosen from Mind of Beauty) When Nash was playing checks with his rival, several students were watching, and in the end, one of them said that sentence. If we translate it literally, the translation should be which is very vague. And in he movie, we can see, following this sentence, Nash smiled. So this sentence contains the hidden meaning that Nash would win the competition. So, if we translate it into ? , , then it will be more accordant with the picture ( Nashs smile). F. Good Consideration of Context Each exciting moment in film is established through dialogues, and their meanings should be coherent, so the context of film stands in an important position. Subtitle translators should know the actors purpose very well through the context. yet thus could the translated subtitles be understood by the viewers. Example 1 Go to the mattress. (Chosen from Youve Got Mail)This sentence i s originated from the actors line in movie The Godfather, and it means that it is the time for fighting, because this scene happened in the context that the sinister gang up would sleep together temporarily on several beds before fighting in the next day. Therefore, the translation of this should be . But if the subtitle translators don not know its origination, they are likely to put it into the way of , which is really ridiculous and probably cause misunderstanding to its viewers about the two major characters relationship. Example 2 Karen And you? How is it with the fighting? Denys Were taking a beating. Its likely to last for a while. (Chosen from Out of Africa) A translation version for this dialogue is , .In this version, the translation for taking a beating is not proper, though from the literal meaning, it is accordant with the later part Its likely to last for a while. However, if we do a careful analysis, we will find Denys practice is not acceptable to Kare ns question. Because Karen asked Denys how the fighting was going on, and she needs a description, while Denys just answered Karen there was a beating. In our daily life, we don not answer others questions in this way. In fact, taking a beating is an English idiom, and it means difficult to surpass, so why dont we translate it in this way , . I think it will be much better.There are many such kind of examples. Now let me compare a words meaning in different context. 1) Schidle Well, Im a German. All right, youve done it. A good ships company, you think? stark Modestly successful (Chosen from Schindles List) There good company can be translated it into , but ? can be divided into many aspects. According to Schidles reply and his individuality as a businessman, it is not hard to sense his purpose that he wanted to know whether this company was profitable or not. So I think the translation had better be ? , , . 2) Stern You stand in the line or there, but there is no go od. Chosen from Schindles List) no good in Chinese means , but according to the situation then Jews wanted to find a job in Schidles factory, but without blue cards, they cannot get any job there, so Stern said to one of the Jews that sentence. Considering all these, I think we can change into another expression like , . 3) Goeth You want to say where you are. Youve got things going on the side, things are good, you dont want anybody telling you what to do I can understand all that, didnt I? (Chosen from Schindles List) This scene happened in this context Goeth was a bad guy who always kills people.He thought Schindle wanted to build a small face pack by employing Jews, so he thought Schindle would turn to him for help. Then he said the sentence above. According to the movies content, we know thing means establishing a small camp there, so good means profitable. Then the subtitle could be translated as , , , , 4) Darcy But that was what she liked. People flatter her so m uch she enjoys an occasional change. Lizzy Im afraid I gave her a good change this afternoon. (Chosen from Pride and Prejudice) According to the movies content, we know that Darcys aunt is a person who likes others flattery.Lizzys reply is an irony. I once saw a kind of translation in a version was , in which the translation of good is liberal. This translation did not keep the original speaking tone of the speaker, and could not show Lizzys smartness and character. So I suggest this translation be changed into . All in all, subtitling translation should be connected with the films different context. Then only do so, can it convey the genuine meaning to its viewers. ?. Conclusion In consideration of the time and space constraints as well as the analysis of those examples, I have concluded the subtitling translation tactics into six aspects.Right now, I also would like to provide a piece of advice to the subtitle translatorsto be a subtitle translator with intelligence and work ethic. For intelligence, subtitle translators may do their efforts by enhancing the following three aspects. Firstly, subtitles translators should do efforts on dealing with untranslatability. Secondly, subtitle translators should improve their proficiency of language, including the proficiency of both source language and target language. The more proficient about language the subtitle translators are, the more freely and skillfully could they accomplish their task. Last but equally important, subtitle translators should strengthen their listening ability.Correct translation can only be achieved through correct comprehension, and listening accurately is the first necessary step for correct comprehension. Cultural vacuum is unavoidable in subtitling translation. Under the condition of being impossible to find an equivalent word in the target language, subtitle translators might create a new word reasonably. For work ethic, the author thinks subtitle translators may perfect themselves from the following three aspects. First, subtitle translators should be passionate. Because passion can make subtitle translators be interested in their translating work. Second, subtitle translators should be careful and responsible for their work,because their attitudes play a great part in the subtitle translators work.Third, subtitle translators should be perseverant. Because subtitling translation needs a great devotion of time and energy, which is rather harsh to many subtitle translators. The author wants to contribute her study and effort to the subtitling translation by paper this essay, and firmly believes by applying correct tactics, we will make a prosperous future in the depicted object of subtitling translation. Notes 1 Nedergaard-Larsen, Bright, Culture-bound Problems in Subtitlingin. Perspectives (Manchester St. Jerome Publishing, 1993), 27. 2 Shuttleworth M. and Cowie, ed. , Dictionary of Translation Studies. (Manchester St. Jerome Publishing, 1997), 264. 3 Gott lieb, H. Subtitling A New University Discipline, in precept Translation And Interpreting Training, Talent And Experience C Dollerup & A Lodegaard (Eds) Amsterdam, ed. John Benjamins Company (Manchester St. Jerome Publishing, 1992), 47. Bibliography Xu, Lisheng , ed. Intercultural Communication In English. Shanghai Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004. ( ), ,1999? , ,2007? , ,1994? , ,2001? ,2001? ( ), , 2004? ( ), ,2007? ,. , 2007? , ,2001?