A Study On Agricultural Biotechnology Education Essay

A Study On countrified Biotechnology command EssayFor the past 10,000 years humans associated with domesticate plants, selecting seeds of favoured forms, pick out unwanted types to educate to each one following genesis. Plants constitute the main provender resource for humans and creatures. So it is necessary to improve clip quality and yield to feed the hunger demesne. Today this came to a big problem repay equal to(p) to surroundal damages and population explosion 1. thither has been a drastic increase in population perpetually since and it is more or less 6.5 billion in the starting of 2010. Each year megs of people atomic number 18 dying due to starvation and nutritional deficiencies. So umteen an(prenominal) Asian and Afri bear countries be not getting the benefits of the jet revolution and gene revolution. The polluted boorish lands and the consequences of global warming affected the uncouth toil. The yield alienated in each year due to pests, insects and diseases is around 30% of the total exertion 2, 3. So biotech promises to reduce the world hunger by creating natural array of transgenic plants which are yucky to pests and diseases and go forth more than nutrition 3. The food and agricultural organization (FAO) recognized that the genetic technology has the ability to increase the agricultural issue. Biotechnology offers a wide range of environmental benefits such as reduce pollution, development of consummate crops which has higher nutrition, trim back or nil pesticides, resistance to insects, more yield etc.4.The transformation of factory farm started during the oddment of first half of twentieth century and it referred as Green revolution. The leafy vegetable revolution started in 1945 during this era Mexico imported wheat. After this Mexican government started working on the agricultural techniques. In 1964 they exported half million tons of wheat, the upstart biotechnological techniques made Mexicans foot stab le and this is also happened in so many new(prenominal) countries 5. The green revolution decreased the world poverty in some extent. Now un developed countries fatality more applications of ergonomics, countries like India and China are still look intoing on new technologies but in the developed European countries are stay offing these techniques and considering as unnatural 3.During the twentieth century conversional method produced and producing so many hybrids, which can provide more yield, stability of harvesting and farm income. But these conversional techniques dont preserve the gene pool. In the travel 20 years biotech developed more and discovered new techniques for the stability and production. In animal biotech bovine somatatropin (BST) partd to increase the milk production. In plant biotechnology so many new techniques arrived 5.Conversional agricultural techniques are associated with modern genetic engineering. The plant create from raw stuff culture is the on e of the major contribution of biotechnology in plant breeding. Via tissue culture we will able to produce many copies from a single plant part within a short time. The meristem culture will able to produce computer virus free plants. The plant tissue culture method serve uped for the conservation of so many medicative plants. Another application of tissue culture is the choice of somoclonal variants with improved virus resistance 6. The new molecular DNA technologies modify plants in different ways. Molecular level studies helped to produce agriculturally important virus disgustful and virus free plants 7. The cloning methods also gave a new phase to biotechnology. The new technologies in cloning help to prevent plant disease by deactivating the gene action. The findings suggest that the genetically modify micro organisms collapse the capacity to prevent the disease vitrined by the pathogens 7.The genetic engineering methods are also employed in various animal species. Now it is possible to create animals with engageful dairy product, meet, or fibre production. Most of the animal based experiments are primarily introduced in mo map and drosophila. Now these have been extended to the domestic farm animals. Genetic engineering is mainly used for the role of fertilised egg and utters and manipulation of sperm and embryonic tissue. This facilitates the establishment of novel genes to the animals and provides more yield. Transgenic poultries, pig, sheep and cow are the examples for transgenic animals 8, 9. The ability to alter the genome of animals by gene transfer is the major achievement of biotechnology. The animals having altered are known as transgenic animals. The transgenic animals are created by the introduction of small piece of known DNA in to the embryos. This will help the rapid introduction of new genes in to the livestock without any cross breeding 8Transgenic methodology has so many probable advantages. The practical applications in live stocks are improved milk production and composition, increased jumpth rate. It is important that the production capability of transgenic animals realised only when their true genital potential is attained.The molecular study of Agrobacterium tumefaciens helped to produce transgenic plants. Using this technique many important genes were transferred to plants and it helped to get the high yield 10. The different tools of genetic engineering made the gene transfer uncomplicated and plant manipulation easier. Gene banks and DNA libraries helped for the conservation and selection of variety of genes which facilitate special characters. Different microbes were used as vectors for the gene transfer 11.In in advance(p) industrial countries conventional farming system is following for the production. This allows the wide knowledge about the production techniques to grow crops, livestock and poultry. This method also helps to reduce the production cost and provide more yield to farmers 12. There are some environmental problems associated with conventional agriculture method, but now they are trying to clear up by using genetic engineering by the development of new methods for the diffusion of disease, insect resistant plants, drought resistant plants etc. And also biotechnology is working on to produce bio pesticides 12. The environmental problems created by the chemical substance such as pesticides, herbicides, hormones and insecticides which used in the modern farming leads to the new thoughts in the production of bio pesticides and genetically limited plants. But their productions are restricted and under control. According to US food, agriculture and trade act in 1990 it should (a) satisfy food and fibre needs of humans, (b) enhance the quality of the environment and natural resources depends on the agriculture economy, (c) efficient use of non renewable resource and on farm resource, (d) uphold the economic viability of farm operations and (e) enhance the qual ity of life for the farmers and the society as a strong 13.The modern agricultural biotechnology focusing on genetically modified crops. So many researches are currently undergoing based on this. The genetically modified foods are the products of transgenic plants. These plants contains one or more genes from the another(prenominal) organism which is transferred by genetic engineering technologies 14. According to Huttner et al biotechnology is being used in almost food production system, and it offers more opportunities in agriculture than medicine 4. Apart from the food production biotechnology has been used to for the plant breeding and disease resistant. Most advanced commercially available plasticised are biotech products. The problem of pesticides is the introduction of super weeds and it will be difficult to control 2. Genetically modified organisms are also used to control the pest and insects. Introduction of Bt-genes is the one of them and 17% of the total globally pose crops are Bt crops and its amount is very high in US. It is found that about 80% of the biotechnology researches are focused on non food based agricultural products such as cotton, tobacco, ornamental plants and medicinal plants 4.It is found that use of biotech plants can reduce the plowing for control the weeds and this will lead to reduced use of diesel and decrease the pollution. This is also better for conservation of bemire and water reduce soil erosion and soil composition. The survey shows that the use of biotech crops saved around 441 million gallon of fuel which may result in the elimination of 10 billion pound carbon dioxide and this elimination is equal to removal of four million cars from the road. Thus the biotech crops has significant role in reducing the environmental pollution associated with agriculture production 2. The genetically modified crops such as corn, soybean, and cotton are used for feeding livestock.The GM crops were introduced 15 years ago. GM crop s indicate the genetic modification of plants to make it resistant to biotic stresses provide more yield. The main biotic stresses are pest and pathogens. Each year these factors reduce around 30% of the yield and in developing countries this may be higher due to climatic conditions. Weeds in the field compete with the crops for their nutrition and it will affect the yield. For this reason new GM crops were introduced to resist them. To avoid the insect attack and reduce the chemical insecticides GM technology introduced insect resistant plant. It is also help to reduce the environmental pollution 15. In 2007- 90% of the agriculture area planted GM crops in six countries of north and south America and it is around 80% is in US, Brazil and Argentina. But in India and china they planted less than 3% only. But in the 27 countries of European Union they planted only 0.21% GM crops 16.Present agricultural biotechnology status in Asia is amazing. Several Asian countries are currently foll owing the uses of biotechnology in agriculture. The Chinese government gives high priority to biotechnology for change food production and its quality in environmentally sustainable method. They are adopting the new genetic engineering methods for the crop production. Chinese introduced and planted new verities of wheat, rice, tomato, pepper, potato, papaya and tobacco and these crops are resistant to pest, herbicides and diseases. They approved around 50 verities of GM plants in last years. India government is supporting the development of infrastructures in biotechnology. In 1980 they make Department of biotechnology to promote the advantages of biotechnology in agriculture and medicine. The RD of India developing a new generation of citrus, coffee, mangrove, and vanilla. The organisations in India such as M S Swaminathan research foundation have developed bio-village for the fruit of new incoming technologies in agriculture 17The Indonesian government has developed three Natio nal biotechnology centers to coordinate R D in agriculture and medicine. In 1985 Pakistan started crop benefit using modern biotechnology. Now they are mainly concentrated on the improvement of rice and cotton. Philippines started the use of modern biotechnology by the creation of national make up of molecular biota and biotechnology. There also an increased use of modern biotechnology started in Thailand, Bangladesh, Singapore, Sri lanka and Vietnam. There are so many international agricultural research centres for the development of the new crops. International agricultural research canter (IARCs), international rice research institute (IRRI) are some of them 17.Every technology can bring benefits and lucks. This is also happened in the case of biotechnology. The risk of agricultural biotechnology got more publicity even biotechnology is also been used as a part of medicine and assiduity. The introduction of GMO has created a lot of controversy even it is not used for the produ ction wide range of products. Then also the GMO technology is using widely. The argument is mainly focused on the herbicide and insecticide resistant plants which are more beneficial for farmers, seed producers and chemical companies. The insecticide resistant plants guaranteed 100% success, but in case the partial dosage in some insects may results in the formation of new mutants which will able to resist particular dosage. The pollination between the GM crops and grotesque crops may lead to the arrival of new genera, and wild verities may disappear from the environment. The introduction of antibiotic bulls eye gene may result in the gene transfer. It is also noted that in the meat industry the routine feeding of animals lead to the high levels of antibiotics on them. It is observed that currently the biotechnology applications does not cause any harm to environment. But on the other hand it is worried about the GMO. The increased use of GMO may lead to higher amount of pesticide residues, genetic pollution, damage to beneficial insects, creation of super weeds and super pests, mutant viruses and bacteria 17, 12, 18, 4.The 21st century being known as the century of biology and biology based industries promises to be powerful tools for the economy. It will become more powerful in modify countries and might be challenged by developing countries. Advanced biotechnology will revolutionise the agriculture and food industry. It is expecting that the consequences of genomics in the bio industry will be under control and biotechnology can reduce the world hunger in future.REFERENCES1 Dominique Job, plant biotechnology in agriculture, Laboratoire mixte CNRS/INRA/Bayer CropScience (UMR 1932), Bayer CropScience, 14-20, rue Pierre-Baizet, 69269, Lyon cedex 9, France2 www.bio.org, agricultural biotechnology- delivering benefits to farmers consumers and the environment.3 www.cei.org, agricultural biotechnology4 Jeremy Hall, Sarah Crowther, Biotechnology the ultimate cle aner production technology, Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RF, UK5 Norman E. Borlaug, the green revolution revisited and the road ahead Nobel peace prize lecture6 Low cost opening for tissue culture technology in developing countries. Proceedings of a Technical Meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture7 Graham S. Warren, Pious Thomas, Maria-Teresa Herrera, S.J. Lindsey Hilland Robert F. Terry .The use of plant cell cultures for studying virus resistance, and enhancing the production of virus-resistant and virus-free plants, 26-30 ,August 19918 http//www.bio.org/foodag/animals/biotechanimalagoverview_ip.pdf9 http//www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10418page=34 10 K.P pauls, plant biotechnology for crop improvement Department of Crop Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2JV111 http//www.scitopics.com/Advances_in_plant_genetic_engineering.html12 Thomas A. Lyson, Adv anced agriculture technologies and sustainable agriculture, TRENDS in biotechnology, vol.20, May 200213 Biotechnology randomness Center, National Agricultural Library,Beltsville, Maryland USA, http//www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech/Bibliographies/ sustain.ag14 http//www.greenpeace.org.uk15 Environmental impact of genetically modified crops Ferry. N, Gatehouse A.M.R, Newcastle University, UK16 http//www.foei.org/en/resources/publications/food-sovereignty/2009/gmcrops2009full.pdf17 Agricultural biotechnology, poverty reduction and food security , Published and printed by the Asian Development Bank ,P.O. buffet 789, 0980 Manila, Philippines18 Christine McCollum, PhD, Charles Benbrook, PhD, Lori Knowles, llb, bcl, ma, llm, Susan Roberts, jd, ms, rd, ld Application of Modern Biotechnology to Food and Agriculture Food Systems Perspective